Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: lak̑- 'to spot, sprinkle'
Semantic Field(s): to Strew, Spread Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | le(a)x, læx | n.masc | lox, salmon | ASD |
| English: | gravlax | n | salmon cured in salt/sugar/dill | AHD |
| lox | n | smoked salmon | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | lahs | n | lox, salmon | W7 |
| German: | Lachs | n | lox, salmon | ASD |
| Yiddish: | laks | n | lox | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | lax | n.masc | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Icelandic: | graflax | n | gravlax | LRC |
| lax | n | lox, salmon | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | gravlaks | n | gravlax | LRC |
| Danish: | gravlaks | n | gravlax | LRC |
| laks | n | lox, salmon | TLL | |
| Swedish: | lax | n | lox, salmon | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | lasasso | n | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | lašišà | n.fem | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Latvian: | lasis | n.masc | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | losdi | n | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | raxsh | adj | spotted red/white | LRC |
| Ossetic: | läsäg | n | lox, salmon | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | lākṣā | n | red lacquer | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | laks | n | fish | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
