Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: laku- '(water in) lake, pond, ditch, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Lake, Pond
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | loch | n | loch | W7 |
| Scots Gaelic: | loch | n.masc | loch | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lagu, lago | n.masc | lake, sea, water; (name for) L-rune | ASD/W7 |
| lagu-lād | n.str.fem | water-way, ocean journey | LRC | |
| Middle English: | lake | n | lake | W7 |
| lough | n | lough | W7 | |
| English: | laccolith | n | igneous rock intruded between sedimentary beds | AHD/W7 |
| lacuna | n | gap, blank space/missing part | AHD/W7 | |
| lagoon | n | shallow pond/sound/channel near/connected to larger water body | AHD/W7 | |
| lake | n | large inland body of still water | AHD/W7 | |
| Lake-town | prop.n | a.k.a. Esgaroth in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| loch | n | lake | AHD/W7 | |
| lough | n | lake | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | louch | n | lake | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | lagu | n | lake, sea, water | ASD |
| lagu-līðandi | n | seafarer | ASD | |
| Old High German: | lagu | n | lake; (name for) L-rune | ASD |
| German: | Lagune | n.fem | lagoon | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *laguz | n | lake, water; (name for) L-rune | LRC |
| Icelandic: | lögr | n.masc | lake, sea, water, liquid; (name for) L-rune | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | lagus | n | lake, sea, water | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | lacuna | n.fem | lack, lacuna | W7 |
| lacus, lacūs | n.masc | lake, pond, cistern, reservoir | W7 | |
| Old French: | lac | n.masc | lake | W7 |
| French: | lagon | n.masc | lagoon | W7 |
| lagune | n.fem | lagoon | W7 | |
| Italian: | laguna | n.fem | lagoon | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | λάκκος | n.masc | lake, pond, pit, reservoir | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
