Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leg̑- 'to gather, collect'
Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | lǣce | n.masc | leech | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | cateloge | n | catalog | W7 |
delegat | n | delegate | W7 | |
dialogue | n | dialogue | W7 | |
diligent | adj | diligent | W7 | |
eclog | n | eclogue | W7 | |
elect | adj | elect | W7 | |
epiloge | n | epilogue | W7 | |
genealogie | n | genealogy | W7 | |
horologe | n | horologe | W7 | |
leche | n | leech | W7 | |
lecture | n | lecture | W7 | |
legacie | n | office of legate, legacy | W7 | |
legal | adj | legal | W7 | |
legate | n | legate | W7 | |
legende | n | legend | W7 | |
legible | adj | legible | W7 | |
legion | n | legion | W7 | |
lesson | n | lesson | W7 | |
lettorne | n | lectern | W7 | |
-logie | n.sfx | -logy | W7 | |
logik | n | logic | W7 | |
-logue | n.sfx | -logue | W7 | |
privilege | n | privilege | W7 | |
prolog | n | prologue | W7 | |
sacrilege | n | sacrilege | W7 | |
silogisme | n | syllogism | W7 | |
sortilege | n | sortilege | W7 | |
English: | alexia | n | aphasia involving loss of reading ability | AHD/W7 |
analects | n | selected miscellaneous written passages | AHD/W7 | |
analogous | adj | re: likeness/sameness/similarity | AHD/W7 | |
anthology | n | collection of literary pieces/passages | AHD/W7 | |
apologue | n | allegorical narrative with moral | AHD/W7 | |
apology | n | defense, formal justification | AHD/W7 | |
catalog | n | list, register | AHD/W7 | |
coil | vb | to wind into rings/spirals | AHD/W7 | |
colleague | n | office/professional associate | AHD/W7 | |
collect | vb | to bring together | AHD/W7 | |
collegial | adj | re: college, group sharing power/authority | AHD/CDC | |
Decalogue | prop.n | the Ten Commandments | AHD | |
delegate | n | person acting for another | AHD/W7 | |
dialect | n | regional variety of language | AHD/W7 | |
dialectic | n | intellectual investigation via dialogue | W7 | |
dialogue | n | (written composition with) characters conversing | AHD/W7 | |
diligent | adj | painstaking, characterized by steady/earnest/energetic effort | AHD/W7 | |
dyslexia | n | impaired ability to recognize/comprehend writing | AHD | |
eclectic | adj | re: selecting best style/method/doctrine | AHD/W7 | |
eclogite | n | coarse-grained metamorphic rock | AHD | |
eclogue | n | idyll, bucolic, poem with shepherds conversing | AHD/W7 | |
ecology | n | study of interrelationships of organisms/environments | AHD/W7 | |
elect | adj | chosen, carefully selected | AHD/W7 | |
election | n | choice | W7 | |
elite | n/adj | (re:) top cadre, powerful group | TLL | |
epilogue | n | concluding section rounding out literary work | AHD/W7 | |
epistemology | n | study/theory of nature/grounds of knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
etiology | n | cause, origin | AHD/W7 | |
eulogy | n | high praise, commendatory oration | TLL/W9 | |
florilegium | n | anthology, volume of writings | AHD/W7 | |
genealogy | n | account of descent of person/family/group from ancestors/older forms | AHD/W7 | |
homologous | adj | having same relative value/structure/position | AHD/W7 | |
horologe | n | timekeeping device | AHD/W7 | |
horology | n | science of time measurement | AHD/W7 | |
hymnology | n | hymnody | AHD/W7 | |
intelligent | adj | possessing intelligence | AHD/W7 | |
lectern | n | reading desk | AHD/W7 | |
lection | n | liturgical lesson for particular day | AHD/W7 | |
lecture | n | discourse given to class/audience for instruction | AHD/W7 | |
leech | n | surgeon/physician who used bloodsucking worms | AHD/W7 | |
legacy | n | bequest, gift by will of money/personal property | AHD/W7 | |
legal | adj | re: law | AHD/W7 | |
legate | n | official emissary | AHD/W7 | |
legation | n | diplomatic mission headed by minister | W7 | |
legend | n | story from the past | AHD/W7 | |
legendarium | n | collected body of J.R.R. Tolkien's writings re: Middle-earth | LRC | |
legible | adj | plain, capable of being read/deciphered | AHD/W7 | |
legion | n | Roman army division: 3000-6000 foot soldiers plus cavalry | AHD/W7 | |
legist | n | specialist in (branch of) law | AHD/W7 | |
legitimate | adj | lawfully begotten | AHD/W7 | |
legume | n | pulse, pea/bean, seed/fruit used for food | TLL/W9 | |
leguminous | adj | re: legume | W9 | |
lesson | n | sacred passage(s) read in worship service | AHD/W7 | |
lex | n | law | AHD/W7 | |
lexicon | n | dictionary, book containing words with definitions | AHD/W7 | |
ligneous | adj | woody, of/resembling wood | AHD/W7 | |
logic | n | canons/criteria of valid inference/reasoning | AHD/W7 | |
logion | n | saying | AHD/W7 | |
logistic | adj | re: logic/logistics | AHD | |
logistics | n | disposition of personnel/materiel | AHD | |
Logos | prop.n | reason: principle governing cosmos (Greek philosophy) | LRC | |
-logue | n.sfx | discourse, talk | AHD/W7 | |
-logy | n.sfx | oral/written expression | AHD/W7 | |
loyal | adj | faithful in allegiance to government | AHD/W7 | |
malacology | n | zoology dealing with mollusks | AHD/W7 | |
metrology | n | science of weights/measures | AHD/W7 | |
neglect | vb.trans | to disregard, give little respect/attention to | AHD/W7 | |
neologism | n | newly-coined word | TLL | |
paralogism | n | false argument contrary to logic | AHD/W7 | |
potamology | n | scientific study of rivers | AHD | |
prelect | vb.intrans | to lecture, discourse in public | AHD/W7 | |
privilege | n | right/immunity granted as peculiar favor/benefit/advantage | AHD/W7 | |
proctology | n | medicine dealing with structure/diseases of anus/rectum/sigmoid colon | AHD/W7 | |
prolegomenon | n | prefatory remarks | AHD/W7 | |
prologue | n | preface/introduction (e.g. to play/discourse) | AHD/W7 | |
psephology | n | study of political elections | AHD | |
psychology | n | science of mental behavior/processes | AHD | |
pteridology | n | study of ferns | AHD | |
relegate | vb.trans | to banish, send into exile | AHD/W7 | |
sacrilege | n | theft/violation of something consecrated | AHD/W7 | |
select | adj | chosen by fitness/preference | AHD/W7 | |
sortilege | n | divination by lots | AHD/W7 | |
syllogism | n | deductive scheme of formal argument: major/minor premise and conclusion | AHD/W7 | |
technology | n | technical language | AHD/W7 | |
teleology | n | study of evidence for design in nature | AHD/W7 | |
thanatology | n | study of death/dying | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | le(t)za, leischa | n | leech | ASD |
Dutch: | legatie | n | legation | TLL |
Old High German: | lāhhi, lāche | n | leech | W7 |
German: | Liek | n.neut | leech | LRC |
-logie | sfx | -logy | W7 | |
Ökologie | n | ecology | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | laknari, læknir | n | leech | ASD |
Danish: | legation | n | legation | TLL |
læge | n | leech | ASD | |
Swedish: | legation | n | legation | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | lēkeis, leikeis | n | leech | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | analogus | adj | analogous, proportionate | W7 |
apologia | n | apology | AHD | |
apologus | n.masc | apologue, narrative, Aesopic fable | W7 | |
collēga, collēgae | n.masc | colleague, one chosen with another | W7 | |
colligo, colligere, collegi, collectus | vb | to bind together | W7 | |
conlēga, conlēgae | n.masc | colleague, one chosen with another | W7 | |
delego, delegare, delegavi, delegatus | vb | to assign, commit, delegate | W7 | |
dialectica, dialecticae | n.fem | logic, dialectic | LRC | |
dialectus | adj | re: discussion, dialectic | W7 | |
dialogus | n.masc | dialogue, conversation between two people | W7 | |
diligens, diligentis | adj/vb.ptc | zealous, diligent | W7 | |
diligo, diligere | vb | to love, choose, esteem | W7 | |
ecloga | n.fem | eclogue | W7 | |
Eclogae | prop.n.fem.pl | Eclogues [title of Vergil's pastorals] | W7 | |
electus, electūs | n.masc | election | W7 | |
ēligō, ēlegere, elēgī, elēctum | vb | to choose, select | LRC | |
epilogus | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
florilegus | adj | culling flowers | W7 | |
horologium | n.neut | clepsydra, solar clock | W7 | |
intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum | vb | to understand | LRC | |
intelligens, intelligentis | adj | intelligent, understanding | W7 | |
lectio | n.fem | act of reading | W7 | |
lector | n.masc | reader | W7 | |
legalis | adj | of the law | W7 | |
legatus | n.masc | deputy, emissary | W7 | |
legendus | vb.ger | (thing) to be read | W7 | |
legio, legionis | n.fem | legion, army corps | W7 | |
legitimus | adj | legitimate | W7 | |
lego, legāre | vb | to choose, depute, send (as emissary) | W7 | |
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus | vb | to read | W7 | |
legūmen, legūminis | n.neut | legume | TLL | |
lex, legis | n.fem | law | LRC | |
ligneus | adj | wooden | W7 | |
lignum | n.neut | wood | W7 | |
-logia | sfx | study of | W7 | |
logica | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
-logus | sfx | person who studies | W7 | |
necglego, neclegere, neclegi, neglectus | vb | to neglect, abandon | W7 | |
neglegenter | adv | carelessly | LRC | |
praelego, praelegere, praelegi, praelectus | vb | to choose before | W7 | |
privilegium | n.neut | law for/against private person | W7 | |
prologus | n.masc | prologue: preface to play | W7 | |
relego, relegare, relegavi, relegatus | vb | to relegate | W7 | |
religio, religionis | n.fem | religious practice | LRC | |
sacrilegium | n.neut | temple robbery | W7 | |
sacrilegus | n.masc | one who steals sacred things | W7 | |
seligo, seligere, selegi, selectus | vb | to select | W7 | |
sortilegus | adj | foretelling | W7 | |
syllogismus | n.masc | syllogism: type of argument | W7 | |
Late Latin: | apologia | n.fem | apology, speech in defense | W7 |
catalogus | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
genealogia | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
lectio, lectionis | n.fem | lesson, reading | W7 | |
lectura | n.fem | reading | W7 | |
legibilis | adj | legible | W7 | |
paralogismus | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | aetiologia | n.fem | statement of causes | W7 |
lectorinum | n.neut | lectern | W7 | |
legenda | n.neut.pl | legend, things to be read | W7 | |
legista | n.fem | legist | W7 | |
legitimō, legitimāre, legitimāvī, legitimātus | vb | to legitimate | W7 | |
sortilegium | n.neut | spell, sortilege | W7 | |
New Latin: | alexia | n.fem | incapacity to read | W7 |
analecta | n.fem | analects | W7 | |
anthologia | n.fem | collection of epigrams | W7 | |
florilegium | n.neut | anthology | W7 | |
lectio, lectionis | n.fem | liturgical lesson for particular day | W7 | |
Malacozoa | n.fem | soft-bodied animals | W7 | |
teleologia | n.fem | teleology | W7 | |
Portuguese: | legume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
Spanish: | legumbre | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
Old French: | dialogue | n.masc | conversation between two people | W7 |
leçon | n.fem | lesson | W7 | |
legat | n.masc | deputy | W7 | |
légion | n.fem | legion, army corps | W7 | |
leial, leel | adj | loyal | W7 | |
-logie | sfx | science of, discourse on | W7 | |
-logue | sfx | one who studies given discipline | W7 | |
privilege | n.masc | privilege | W7 | |
prologue | n.masc | prologue | W7 | |
sacrilege | n.masc | sacrilege | W7 | |
Middle French: | apologie | n.fem | apology | W7 |
catalogue | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
coillir | vb | to collect | W7 | |
collègue | n.masc | colleague | W7 | |
dialecte | n.masc | dialect | W7 | |
diligent | adj | diligent | W7 | |
epilogue | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
genealogie | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
horloge | n.fem | clock | W7 | |
legacie | n.fem | office of legate | W7 | |
légal | adj | legal | W7 | |
legende | n.fem | legend | W7 | |
legiste | adj | legist | W7 | |
letrun | n.masc | lectern | W7 | |
logique | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
loyal | adj | loyal, faithful | W7 | |
paralogisme | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
silogisme | n.masc | syllogism, type of argument | W7 | |
French: | apologue | n.masc | apologue, little fable with moral | R1/W7 |
légume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL | |
malacologie | n.fem | malacology, study of mollusks | W7 | |
métrologie | n.fem | metrology, study of ancient measures | W7 | |
Italian: | legume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | aitiologia | n.fem | statement of causes | W7 |
analegw | vb | to collect | W7 | |
analekta | n.neut.pl | collection, collected things | W7 | |
analektos | adj | verbal | W7 | |
analogos | adj | proportionate | W7 | |
anthologein | vb | to gather flowers | AHD | |
anthologia | n.fem | flower gathering | W7 | |
apologia | n.fem | apology, speech in defense | W7 | |
apologos | n | apologue | AHD | |
genealogia | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
dialegomai | vb | to converse | W7 | |
διάλεκτος | n.fem | language | LRC | |
dialogos | n.masc | conversation between two people | W7 | |
eklegw | vb | to select | W7 | |
eklektikos | adj | selection of different things | W7 | |
eklogē | n.fem | eclogue | W7 | |
ἐλογίζω | vb | to think | LRC | |
epilegw | vb | to say in addition | W7 | |
epilogos | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
epistamai | vb | to know, understand | W7 | |
epistēmē | n.fem | knowledge | W7 | |
histamai | vb | to cause to stand | W7 | |
katalegw | vb | to list, enumerate | W7 | |
katalogos | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
λέγω | vb | to say, speak; gather | LRC | |
λέξις | n.fem | word, speech; style | LRC | |
logia | n.fem | collecting; discourse, speech | W7 | |
λογίζομαι | vb | to calculate, think | LRC | |
logizomai | vb | to calculate | W7 | |
logikē | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
logikos | adj | of reason | W7 | |
λόγιον | n.neut | oracle, announcement | LS | |
λόγος | n.masc | word, speech, reason | LRC | |
metrologia | n.fem | theory of ratios | W7 | |
homologos | adj | agreeing | W7 | |
paralogismos | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
paralogos | adj | unreasonable | W7 | |
prolegomenon | n.neut | introduction, what is said before | W7 | |
προλέγω | vb | to say beforehand | LRC | |
prologos | n.masc | prologue, part of Greek play preceding entry of chorus | W7 | |
syllogizomai | vb | to syllogize | W7 | |
syllogismos | n.masc | syllogism, type of argument | W7 | |
technologia | n.fem | systematic treatment of an art | W7 | |
hymnologia | n.fem | study of hymns | W7 | |
hōrologion | n.neut | clepsydra, solar clock | W7 | |
Late Greek: | lexikon | n.neut | lexicon, dictionary | W7 |
lexikos | adj | of words | W7 | |
Medieval Greek: | anthologia | n.fem | anthology | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
ger | = | gerund(ive) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |