Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leg̑- 'to gather, collect'
Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lǣce | n.masc | leech | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | cateloge | n | catalog | W7 |
| delegat | n | delegate | W7 | |
| dialogue | n | dialogue | W7 | |
| diligent | adj | diligent | W7 | |
| eclog | n | eclogue | W7 | |
| elect | adj | elect | W7 | |
| epiloge | n | epilogue | W7 | |
| genealogie | n | genealogy | W7 | |
| horologe | n | horologe | W7 | |
| leche | n | leech | W7 | |
| lecture | n | lecture | W7 | |
| legacie | n | office of legate, legacy | W7 | |
| legal | adj | legal | W7 | |
| legate | n | legate | W7 | |
| legende | n | legend | W7 | |
| legible | adj | legible | W7 | |
| legion | n | legion | W7 | |
| lesson | n | lesson | W7 | |
| lettorne | n | lectern | W7 | |
| -logie | n.sfx | -logy | W7 | |
| logik | n | logic | W7 | |
| -logue | n.sfx | -logue | W7 | |
| privilege | n | privilege | W7 | |
| prolog | n | prologue | W7 | |
| sacrilege | n | sacrilege | W7 | |
| silogisme | n | syllogism | W7 | |
| sortilege | n | sortilege | W7 | |
| English: | alexia | n | aphasia involving loss of reading ability | AHD/W7 |
| analects | n | selected miscellaneous written passages | AHD/W7 | |
| analogous | adj | re: likeness/sameness/similarity | AHD/W7 | |
| anthology | n | collection of literary pieces/passages | AHD/W7 | |
| apologue | n | allegorical narrative with moral | AHD/W7 | |
| apology | n | defense, formal justification | AHD/W7 | |
| catalog | n | list, register | AHD/W7 | |
| coil | vb | to wind into rings/spirals | AHD/W7 | |
| colleague | n | office/professional associate | AHD/W7 | |
| collect | vb | to bring together | AHD/W7 | |
| collegial | adj | re: college, group sharing power/authority | AHD/CDC | |
| Decalogue | prop.n | the Ten Commandments | AHD | |
| delegate | n | person acting for another | AHD/W7 | |
| dialect | n | regional variety of language | AHD/W7 | |
| dialectic | n | intellectual investigation via dialogue | W7 | |
| dialogue | n | (written composition with) characters conversing | AHD/W7 | |
| diligent | adj | painstaking, characterized by steady/earnest/energetic effort | AHD/W7 | |
| dyslexia | n | impaired ability to recognize/comprehend writing | AHD | |
| eclectic | adj | re: selecting best style/method/doctrine | AHD/W7 | |
| eclogite | n | coarse-grained metamorphic rock | AHD | |
| eclogue | n | idyll, bucolic, poem with shepherds conversing | AHD/W7 | |
| ecology | n | study of interrelationships of organisms/environments | AHD/W7 | |
| elect | adj | chosen, carefully selected | AHD/W7 | |
| election | n | choice | W7 | |
| elite | n/adj | (re:) top cadre, powerful group | TLL | |
| epilogue | n | concluding section rounding out literary work | AHD/W7 | |
| epistemology | n | study/theory of nature/grounds of knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
| etiology | n | cause, origin | AHD/W7 | |
| eulogy | n | high praise, commendatory oration | TLL/W9 | |
| florilegium | n | anthology, volume of writings | AHD/W7 | |
| genealogy | n | account of descent of person/family/group from ancestors/older forms | AHD/W7 | |
| homologous | adj | having same relative value/structure/position | AHD/W7 | |
| horologe | n | timekeeping device | AHD/W7 | |
| horology | n | science of time measurement | AHD/W7 | |
| hymnology | n | hymnody | AHD/W7 | |
| intelligent | adj | possessing intelligence | AHD/W7 | |
| lectern | n | reading desk | AHD/W7 | |
| lection | n | liturgical lesson for particular day | AHD/W7 | |
| lecture | n | discourse given to class/audience for instruction | AHD/W7 | |
| leech | n | surgeon/physician who used bloodsucking worms | AHD/W7 | |
| legacy | n | bequest, gift by will of money/personal property | AHD/W7 | |
| legal | adj | re: law | AHD/W7 | |
| legate | n | official emissary | AHD/W7 | |
| legation | n | diplomatic mission headed by minister | W7 | |
| legend | n | story from the past | AHD/W7 | |
| legendarium | n | collected body of J.R.R. Tolkien's writings re: Middle-earth | LRC | |
| legible | adj | plain, capable of being read/deciphered | AHD/W7 | |
| legion | n | Roman army division: 3000-6000 foot soldiers plus cavalry | AHD/W7 | |
| legist | n | specialist in (branch of) law | AHD/W7 | |
| legitimate | adj | lawfully begotten | AHD/W7 | |
| legume | n | pulse, pea/bean, seed/fruit used for food | TLL/W9 | |
| leguminous | adj | re: legume | W9 | |
| lesson | n | sacred passage(s) read in worship service | AHD/W7 | |
| lex | n | law | AHD/W7 | |
| lexicon | n | dictionary, book containing words with definitions | AHD/W7 | |
| ligneous | adj | woody, of/resembling wood | AHD/W7 | |
| logic | n | canons/criteria of valid inference/reasoning | AHD/W7 | |
| logion | n | saying | AHD/W7 | |
| logistic | adj | re: logic/logistics | AHD | |
| logistics | n | disposition of personnel/materiel | AHD | |
| Logos | prop.n | reason: principle governing cosmos (Greek philosophy) | LRC | |
| -logue | n.sfx | discourse, talk | AHD/W7 | |
| -logy | n.sfx | oral/written expression | AHD/W7 | |
| loyal | adj | faithful in allegiance to government | AHD/W7 | |
| malacology | n | zoology dealing with mollusks | AHD/W7 | |
| metrology | n | science of weights/measures | AHD/W7 | |
| neglect | vb.trans | to disregard, give little respect/attention to | AHD/W7 | |
| neologism | n | newly-coined word | TLL | |
| paralogism | n | false argument contrary to logic | AHD/W7 | |
| potamology | n | scientific study of rivers | AHD | |
| prelect | vb.intrans | to lecture, discourse in public | AHD/W7 | |
| privilege | n | right/immunity granted as peculiar favor/benefit/advantage | AHD/W7 | |
| proctology | n | medicine dealing with structure/diseases of anus/rectum/sigmoid colon | AHD/W7 | |
| prolegomenon | n | prefatory remarks | AHD/W7 | |
| prologue | n | preface/introduction (e.g. to play/discourse) | AHD/W7 | |
| psephology | n | study of political elections | AHD | |
| psychology | n | science of mental behavior/processes | AHD | |
| pteridology | n | study of ferns | AHD | |
| relegate | vb.trans | to banish, send into exile | AHD/W7 | |
| sacrilege | n | theft/violation of something consecrated | AHD/W7 | |
| select | adj | chosen by fitness/preference | AHD/W7 | |
| sortilege | n | divination by lots | AHD/W7 | |
| syllogism | n | deductive scheme of formal argument: major/minor premise and conclusion | AHD/W7 | |
| technology | n | technical language | AHD/W7 | |
| teleology | n | study of evidence for design in nature | AHD/W7 | |
| thanatology | n | study of death/dying | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | le(t)za, leischa | n | leech | ASD |
| Dutch: | legatie | n | legation | TLL |
| Old High German: | lāhhi, lāche | n | leech | W7 |
| German: | Liek | n.neut | leech | LRC |
| -logie | sfx | -logy | W7 | |
| Ökologie | n | ecology | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | laknari, læknir | n | leech | ASD |
| Danish: | legation | n | legation | TLL |
| læge | n | leech | ASD | |
| Swedish: | legation | n | legation | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | lēkeis, leikeis | n | leech | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | analogus | adj | analogous, proportionate | W7 |
| apologia | n | apology | AHD | |
| apologus | n.masc | apologue, narrative, Aesopic fable | W7 | |
| collēga, collēgae | n.masc | colleague, one chosen with another | W7 | |
| colligo, colligere, collegi, collectus | vb | to bind together | W7 | |
| conlēga, conlēgae | n.masc | colleague, one chosen with another | W7 | |
| delego, delegare, delegavi, delegatus | vb | to assign, commit, delegate | W7 | |
| dialectica, dialecticae | n.fem | logic, dialectic | LRC | |
| dialectus | adj | re: discussion, dialectic | W7 | |
| dialogus | n.masc | dialogue, conversation between two people | W7 | |
| diligens, diligentis | adj/vb.ptc | zealous, diligent | W7 | |
| diligo, diligere | vb | to love, choose, esteem | W7 | |
| ecloga | n.fem | eclogue | W7 | |
| Eclogae | prop.n.fem.pl | Eclogues [title of Vergil's pastorals] | W7 | |
| electus, electūs | n.masc | election | W7 | |
| ēligō, ēlegere, elēgī, elēctum | vb | to choose, select | LRC | |
| epilogus | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
| florilegus | adj | culling flowers | W7 | |
| horologium | n.neut | clepsydra, solar clock | W7 | |
| intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum | vb | to understand | LRC | |
| intelligens, intelligentis | adj | intelligent, understanding | W7 | |
| lectio | n.fem | act of reading | W7 | |
| lector | n.masc | reader | W7 | |
| legalis | adj | of the law | W7 | |
| legatus | n.masc | deputy, emissary | W7 | |
| legendus | vb.ger | (thing) to be read | W7 | |
| legio, legionis | n.fem | legion, army corps | W7 | |
| legitimus | adj | legitimate | W7 | |
| lego, legāre | vb | to choose, depute, send (as emissary) | W7 | |
| legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus | vb | to read | W7 | |
| legūmen, legūminis | n.neut | legume | TLL | |
| lex, legis | n.fem | law | LRC | |
| ligneus | adj | wooden | W7 | |
| lignum | n.neut | wood | W7 | |
| -logia | sfx | study of | W7 | |
| logica | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
| -logus | sfx | person who studies | W7 | |
| necglego, neclegere, neclegi, neglectus | vb | to neglect, abandon | W7 | |
| neglegenter | adv | carelessly | LRC | |
| praelego, praelegere, praelegi, praelectus | vb | to choose before | W7 | |
| privilegium | n.neut | law for/against private person | W7 | |
| prologus | n.masc | prologue: preface to play | W7 | |
| relego, relegare, relegavi, relegatus | vb | to relegate | W7 | |
| religio, religionis | n.fem | religious practice | LRC | |
| sacrilegium | n.neut | temple robbery | W7 | |
| sacrilegus | n.masc | one who steals sacred things | W7 | |
| seligo, seligere, selegi, selectus | vb | to select | W7 | |
| sortilegus | adj | foretelling | W7 | |
| syllogismus | n.masc | syllogism: type of argument | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | apologia | n.fem | apology, speech in defense | W7 |
| catalogus | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
| genealogia | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
| lectio, lectionis | n.fem | lesson, reading | W7 | |
| lectura | n.fem | reading | W7 | |
| legibilis | adj | legible | W7 | |
| paralogismus | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | aetiologia | n.fem | statement of causes | W7 |
| lectorinum | n.neut | lectern | W7 | |
| legenda | n.neut.pl | legend, things to be read | W7 | |
| legista | n.fem | legist | W7 | |
| legitimō, legitimāre, legitimāvī, legitimātus | vb | to legitimate | W7 | |
| sortilegium | n.neut | spell, sortilege | W7 | |
| New Latin: | alexia | n.fem | incapacity to read | W7 |
| analecta | n.fem | analects | W7 | |
| anthologia | n.fem | collection of epigrams | W7 | |
| florilegium | n.neut | anthology | W7 | |
| lectio, lectionis | n.fem | liturgical lesson for particular day | W7 | |
| Malacozoa | n.fem | soft-bodied animals | W7 | |
| teleologia | n.fem | teleology | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | legume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
| Spanish: | legumbre | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
| Old French: | dialogue | n.masc | conversation between two people | W7 |
| leçon | n.fem | lesson | W7 | |
| legat | n.masc | deputy | W7 | |
| légion | n.fem | legion, army corps | W7 | |
| leial, leel | adj | loyal | W7 | |
| -logie | sfx | science of, discourse on | W7 | |
| -logue | sfx | one who studies given discipline | W7 | |
| privilege | n.masc | privilege | W7 | |
| prologue | n.masc | prologue | W7 | |
| sacrilege | n.masc | sacrilege | W7 | |
| Middle French: | apologie | n.fem | apology | W7 |
| catalogue | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
| coillir | vb | to collect | W7 | |
| collègue | n.masc | colleague | W7 | |
| dialecte | n.masc | dialect | W7 | |
| diligent | adj | diligent | W7 | |
| epilogue | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
| genealogie | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
| horloge | n.fem | clock | W7 | |
| legacie | n.fem | office of legate | W7 | |
| légal | adj | legal | W7 | |
| legende | n.fem | legend | W7 | |
| legiste | adj | legist | W7 | |
| letrun | n.masc | lectern | W7 | |
| logique | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
| loyal | adj | loyal, faithful | W7 | |
| paralogisme | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
| silogisme | n.masc | syllogism, type of argument | W7 | |
| French: | apologue | n.masc | apologue, little fable with moral | R1/W7 |
| légume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL | |
| malacologie | n.fem | malacology, study of mollusks | W7 | |
| métrologie | n.fem | metrology, study of ancient measures | W7 | |
| Italian: | legume | n | legume, vegetable | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | aitiologia | n.fem | statement of causes | W7 |
| analegw | vb | to collect | W7 | |
| analekta | n.neut.pl | collection, collected things | W7 | |
| analektos | adj | verbal | W7 | |
| analogos | adj | proportionate | W7 | |
| anthologein | vb | to gather flowers | AHD | |
| anthologia | n.fem | flower gathering | W7 | |
| apologia | n.fem | apology, speech in defense | W7 | |
| apologos | n | apologue | AHD | |
| genealogia | n.fem | genealogy | W7 | |
| dialegomai | vb | to converse | W7 | |
| διάλεκτος | n.fem | language | LRC | |
| dialogos | n.masc | conversation between two people | W7 | |
| eklegw | vb | to select | W7 | |
| eklektikos | adj | selection of different things | W7 | |
| eklogē | n.fem | eclogue | W7 | |
| ἐλογίζω | vb | to think | LRC | |
| epilegw | vb | to say in addition | W7 | |
| epilogos | n.masc | epilogue | W7 | |
| epistamai | vb | to know, understand | W7 | |
| epistēmē | n.fem | knowledge | W7 | |
| histamai | vb | to cause to stand | W7 | |
| katalegw | vb | to list, enumerate | W7 | |
| katalogos | n.masc | catalog | W7 | |
| λέγω | vb | to say, speak; gather | LRC | |
| λέξις | n.fem | word, speech; style | LRC | |
| logia | n.fem | collecting; discourse, speech | W7 | |
| λογίζομαι | vb | to calculate, think | LRC | |
| logizomai | vb | to calculate | W7 | |
| logikē | n.fem | logic | W7 | |
| logikos | adj | of reason | W7 | |
| λόγιον | n.neut | oracle, announcement | LS | |
| λόγος | n.masc | word, speech, reason | LRC | |
| metrologia | n.fem | theory of ratios | W7 | |
| homologos | adj | agreeing | W7 | |
| paralogismos | n.masc | paralogism | W7 | |
| paralogos | adj | unreasonable | W7 | |
| prolegomenon | n.neut | introduction, what is said before | W7 | |
| προλέγω | vb | to say beforehand | LRC | |
| prologos | n.masc | prologue, part of Greek play preceding entry of chorus | W7 | |
| syllogizomai | vb | to syllogize | W7 | |
| syllogismos | n.masc | syllogism, type of argument | W7 | |
| technologia | n.fem | systematic treatment of an art | W7 | |
| hymnologia | n.fem | study of hymns | W7 | |
| hōrologion | n.neut | clepsydra, solar clock | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | lexikon | n.neut | lexicon, dictionary | W7 |
| lexikos | adj | of words | W7 | |
| Medieval Greek: | anthologia | n.fem | anthology | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |