Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: legh- 'to lie, recline, set down'
Semantic Field(s): to Lie, Recline
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | belecgan, bilecgan | vb | to belay, impose upon | ASD/W7 |
| fēo-laga | n | fellow, partner, lit. money-layer | W7 | |
| lagu | n.fem | law | ASD/W7 | |
| lecgan | vb.wk | to lay | W7 | |
| leger | n.neut | lair, couch; reclining | ASD | |
| licgan, læg, lǣgon, legen | vb.str.V | to lie, extend, be situated | LRC | |
| ūtlaga | n.masc | outlaw | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | beleggen | vb | to beset | W7 |
| bilawe | n | bylaw | W7 | |
| coverlite, coverlet | n | coverlet | W7 | |
| felawe | n | fellow | W7 | |
| lair | n | lair | W7 | |
| law | n | law | W7 | |
| legge | n | gate bar | W7 | |
| leggen, leyen | vb | to lay | W7 | |
| legger | n | ledger | W7 | |
| lie | n | lees | W7 | |
| lien | vb | to lie, recline | W7 | |
| litter | n | litter | W7 | |
| outlawe | n | outlaw | W7 | |
| English: | anlage | n | rudiment, foundation for subsequent development | AHD/W7 |
| belay | vb | to secure line by turns around pin/bitt/cleat | AHD/W7 | |
| beleaguer | vb.trans | to besiege, surround with army to prevent escape | AHD/W7 | |
| bylaw | n | rule adopted by organization for government/regulation | AHD/W7 | |
| coverlet | n | bedspread | AHD/W7 | |
| Danelaw | prop.n | Danish laws once enforced in N/E England | AHD/CDC | |
| fellow | n | comrade, associate | AHD/W7 | |
| Fellowship | prop.n | band of 9 heroes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fellowship | n | group of friends/comrades | LRC | |
| lagan | n | goods thrown into sea with buoy attached for later retrieval | AHD/W7 | |
| lager | n | beer brewed via slow fermentation | AHD/W7 | |
| lair | n | den, place to live/rest | AHD/W7 | |
| lair | vb | to wallow, cause to sink in mire | AHD/W7 | |
| law | n | binding rule of community conduct/action | AHD/W7 | |
| lay, laid | vb.wk | to beat/strike down; place, put/set down | AHD/W7 | |
| leaguer | n | military camp | AHD/W7 | |
| ledge | n | shelf, projecting ridge/raised edge along surface | AHD/W7 | |
| ledger | n | book in which account debits/credits are copied | AHD/W7 | |
| lees | n.pl | dregs, settlings from fermentation/aging | AHD/W7 | |
| lie, lay, lain | vb.str.intrans | to recline, be prostrate, rest in horizontal position | AHD/W7 | |
| litter | n | covered/curtained couch with shafts for carrying single passenger | AHD/W7 | |
| lochia | n | uterine discharge after childbirth | AHD | |
| outlaw | n | person excluded from benefit/protection of law | AHD/W7 | |
| stalag | n | German military prison camp | AHD/W7 | |
| vorlage | n | position of skier leaning forward from ankles | AHD/W7 | |
| wagon-lit | n | railroad sleeping car | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | lair | n | mire | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | legor | n | lair, couch; reclining | ASD |
| leia | vb | to lay | ASD | |
| liga | vb | to lie: recline | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | leger | n | lair, leaguer | AHD |
| Dutch: | belegeren | vb | to beleaguer | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | legar | n | lair, couch; reclining | ASD |
| leggian | vb | to lay | ASD | |
| liggian | vb | to lie: recline | ASD | |
| Old High German: | lāga | n | act of laying | AHD |
| legar | n | bed | W7 | |
| legjan | vb | to lay | ASD | |
| ligen, lig(g)an | vb | to lie: recline | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | anlāge | n | request, anlage | AHD |
| lāge | n | act of laying | AHD | |
| German: | Anlage | n.fem | plan, draft, layout, anlage | W7 |
| belagern | vb | to beleaguer | LRC | |
| Lage | n.fem | position | W7 | |
| Lager | n.neut | camp, storehouse | W7 | |
| Lagerbier | n.neut | beer made for storage | W7 | |
| legen | vb | to lay | ASD | |
| liegen | vb | to lie: recline | ASD | |
| Stalag | n.neut | stalag | W7 | |
| Stammlager | n.neut | prison camp | W7 | |
| Vorlage | n.fem | pattern, prototype | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bȳlög | n | bylaw, rule adopted by town | W7 |
| fēlag(i) | n | partnership | W7 | |
| lag | n.neut | lay, order, disposition | LRC | |
| leggja | vb | to lay, put, place | LRC | |
| lög | n | law | W7 | |
| ūtlagi | n | outlaw | W7 | |
| ørlǫg | n.neut | war; [pl.] fate, destiny | LRC | |
| ørlǫglauss | adj | fateless (i.e. re: fate not yet imposed) | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | leggja | vb | to lay | ASD |
| liggja | vb | to lie: recline | ASD | |
| ūt-lagi | n.masc | outlaw | ASD | |
| Danish: | leje | n | (mechanical) bearing | TLL |
| Swedish: | lager | n | (mechanical) bearing | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | lagjan | vb | to lay | ASD |
| ligan | vb | to lie: recline | ASD | |
| ligrs | n.masc | lair, couch | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | lectus, lecti | n.masc | bed, couch | LRC |
| Medieval Latin: | laganum | n.neut | debris washed up from sea | W7 |
| lia | n.fem | dregs | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | lei | n | law | TLL |
| leito | n | bed, litter | TLL | |
| Spanish: | lecho | n | bed, litter | TLL |
| ley | n | law | TLL | |
| Old French: | lit | n.masc | bed | W7 |
| litiere | n.fem | litter | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | coverelyth | n.masc | coverlet | W7 |
| Middle French: | lagan | n.masc | debris from the sea | W7 |
| lie | n.fem | lees | W7 | |
| French: | lit | n.masc | bed | W7 |
| loi | n | law | TLL | |
| wagon-lit | n.masc | railroad car with beds | W7 | |
| Italian: | legge | n | law | TLL |
| letto | n | bed, litter | TLL | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ležati, ležǫ, ležiši | vb | to lie: recline | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | λέχος | n.neut | bed, couch | LS |
| Greek: | λοχία | n.fem | lochia | LS |
| λόχιος | adj | re: childbirth/parturition | LS | |
| λόχος | n.masc | childbirth, parturition | LS | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
