Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. lē̆ig-, līg- 'form, appearance; like, similar'
Semantic Field(s): Form, Shape (n), Like, Similar
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣlc | pron | each | AHD/ASD/W7 |
| gelīc | adj | like | AHD/W7 | |
| līc | n.str.neut | lich, corpse | OED/W7 | |
| -līc(e) | adj/adv.sfx | -ly | AHD/W7 | |
| līc-hama, līc-homa | n.wk.masc | flesh, body | ASD | |
| līcian | vb.wk | to like, please | AHD/W7 | |
| onlīc | adj | alike | AHD/ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | alik, ilik, ilich | adj | alike | W7 |
| ech | adj | each | W7 | |
| every, everich | adj | every | W7 | |
| lich | n | lich, corpse, cadaver | W7 | |
| like | adj | like | W7 | |
| likely | adj | likely | W7 | |
| liken | vb | to like | W7 | |
| -ly | adj/adv.sfx | -ly | AHD/W7 | |
| lycheyate | n | lych-gate | W7 | |
| English: | alike | adj | like | AHD/W7 |
| each | adj | re: individual(s) having similar relation | AHD/W7 | |
| every | adj | re: each individual/part of group | AHD/W7 | |
| frolic | adj | merry(-like), full of fun | AHD/W7 | |
| lich | n.obs | trunk, body | OED | |
| like | adj | similar, (nearly) the same | AHD/W7 | |
| like | vb | to be suitable/agreeable to | AHD/W7 | |
| likely | adj | probable | AHD/W7 | |
| -ly | adj.sfx | having specified form/characteristic(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| -ly | adv.sfx | in specified form/manner | AHD/W7 | |
| lych-gate | n | roofed gate under which bier rests early in burial service | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | līk | n | lich | ASD |
| līkia | vb | to like, please | ASD | |
| līkkoma, līcma | n | flesh, body | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | vrolijc | adj | frolic | AHD/W7 |
| Dutch: | elk | adj | each | ASD |
| lichaam | n | lich | TLL | |
| vroolijk | adj | frolic | AHD/W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | gilīk | adj | like | ASD |
| līk | n | lich | ASD | |
| līk-hamo | n | lich, flesh | ASD | |
| līkōn | vb | to like, please | ASD | |
| Old High German: | gilīh, gelich | adj | like, alike | ASD/W7 |
| iogilīh | adj | each | W7 | |
| līchamo | n | lich, flesh | ASD | |
| -līh | adj/adv.sfx | -ly | W7 | |
| līh | n | lich | ASD | |
| German: | gleich | adj | like | ASD |
| Leiche | n.fem | lich, corpse, cadaver | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | glīkligr | adj | likely | W7 |
| (g)līkr | adj | like | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | glīkr | adj | like | ASD |
| Icelandic: | lík | n | lich | ASD |
| líka | vb | to like, please | ASD | |
| líkami, líkamr | n | lich, flesh | ASD | |
| Danish: | legeme | n | lich | TLL |
| lig | n | lich | ASD | |
| ligesaa | conj | as | TLL | |
| Swedish: | lik | n | lich | ASD |
| lika | conj | as | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-leiks | adj | like | ASD |
| leik | n.str.neut | lich, flesh | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | lýg | conj | as, like | LRC |
| lýgus, lýgi | adj | like, equal | LRC | |
| Latvian: | līdzīgs | adj | similar, equal to | LRC |
| līdzināt, līdzinu, līdzināju | vb | to be similar to | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
