Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. leig-, loig- 'to hop, jump, tremble'
Semantic Field(s): to Jump, Leap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lāc | n | state, activity; play, sport, trick | ASD/IEW |
| lācan | vb | to play, trick; swing, wave about | ASD | |
| lāwerce | n.fem | lark (laverock) | ASD/W7 | |
| wedlāc | n | marriage bond | W7 | |
| Middle English: | dweomerla(i)k | n | demerlayk, legerdemain, sleight-of-hand | LRC |
| lark | n | lark | W7 | |
| leik | n | game, sport, contest; trick | MED | |
| leiken | vb | to play, trifle; trick, betray, beguile, deceive | MED | |
| wedlok | n | wedlock | W7 | |
| English: | demerlayk | n | magic, witchcraft, sorcery, occult art/practice | OED |
| dwimmerlaik | n | Eowyn's epithet for Nazgul Lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| lark | n | singing bird of Europe/Asia/north Africa | AHD/W7 | |
| wedlock | n | matrimony, (state of) marriage | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | lērihha, lērahha | n | lark | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | leichen | vb | to play | ASD |
| lērche | n | lark (laverock) | ASD | |
| German: | Lerche | n | lark (laverock) | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | leikr | n.masc | play, game, sport, action; scorn, mockery, derision | ICE/IEW |
| Old Icelandic: | leika | vb | to play, trick, delude; move, swing, wave | ASD/ICE |
| Icelandic: | lævirki | n | lark (laverock) | ASD |
| Danish: | lege | vb | to play, trick, delude | ICE |
| Swedish: | leka | vb | to play, trick, delude | ICE |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | laikan | vb | to play | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MED | = | Robert E. Lewis et al., eds. Middle English Dictionary (1954-1999, 2001) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
