Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leiku̯- 'to leave, relinquish'
Semantic Field(s): to Leave, Relinquish
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | fliuch | adj | damp | W7 |
lēicid | vb | to leave, relinquish | LRC | |
English | ||||
Old English: | lǣn, lān | n.fem | loan | ASD/W7 |
lǣnan | vb.wk | to lend | ASD/W7 | |
lēon | vb.str | to lend | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | eclipse | n | eclipse | W7 |
lenden | vb | to lend | W7 | |
lenen | vb | to lend | W7 | |
licour | n | liquor | W7 | |
liquid | adj | liquid | W7 | |
lon | n | loan | W7 | |
prolix | adj | prolix | W7 | |
relik | n | relic | W7 | |
relinquisshen | vb | to relinquish | W7 | |
English: | delinquent | adj | offending by neglect/violation of duty/law | AHD/W7 |
deliquesce | vb.intrans | to melt away | AHD/W7 | |
derelict | adj | run down, abandoned by owner/occupant | AHD/W7 | |
eclipse | n | total/partial obscuration of one star/planet by another | AHD/W7 | |
ellipsis | n | omission of word(s) that can be supplied by reader/hearer | AHD/W7 | |
lend, lent | vb.wk | to give for use temporarily (pending return) | AHD/W7 | |
liquate | vb.trans | to separate out by application of heat | AHD/W7 | |
liquefy | vb | to reduce to liquid state | AHD/W7 | |
liquescent | adj | melting, being/tending to become liquid | AHD/W7 | |
liquid | adj | flowing freely (like water) | AHD/W7 | |
liquor | n | liquid substance | AHD/W7 | |
lixiviate | vb.trans | to extract (from solid mixture) by washing/percolation | AHD/W7 | |
loan | n | money lent at interest | AHD/W7 | |
prolix | adj | unduly prolonged/drawn out | AHD/W7 | |
relic | n | object esteemed/venerated due to association with saint/martyr | AHD/W7 | |
relinquish | vb.trans | to abandon, retreat/withdraw from | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | lēn | n.neut | grant, fee, fief | ASD |
lēna | vb | to lend, grant | ASD | |
lēra | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
līa | vb | to lend | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | (far-)līhan | vb | to lend | ASD |
lērian | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
Old Low German: | līan | vb | to lend | ASD |
Old High German: | lēhan | n.neut | loan, fee | ASD |
lēhanon | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
lēran | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
līhan | vb | to lend | LRC | |
German: | lehen | n.neut | fief, fee | ASD |
lehnen | vb | to lend | ASD | |
lehren | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
leihen | vb | to lend | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | lān | n | loan | W7 |
ljā | vb | to lend | LRC | |
Icelandic: | lána | vb | to lend | ASD |
léna | vb | to grant | ASD | |
ljá | vb | to lend | ASD | |
læra | vb | to teach; learn | ASD | |
Danish: | lære | vb | to teach; learn | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | leiƕan | vb | to lend | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | delinquens, delinquentis | adj/vb.ptc | offensive, delinquent | W7 |
delinquo, delinquere | vb | to fail, offend | W7 | |
deliquesco, deliquescere | vb | to melt, dissolve | W7 | |
derelinquo, derelinquere, derelīquī, derelictus | vb | to abandon | W7 | |
eclipsis | n.fem | eclipse | W7 | |
ellipsis | n.fem | ellipse | W7 | |
linquō, linquere, līquī, -- | vb.I | to quit, leave, go away | W7 | |
liquefacio, liquefacere | vb.III | to liquefy | W7 | |
liqueo, liquēre | vb.II | to be fluid | W7 | |
liquesco, liquescere | vb | to become liquid | W7 | |
liquidus | adj | fluid | W7 | |
liquō, liquāre | vb.II | to melt, dissolve, make fluid | W7 | |
liquor, liquoris | n.masc | fluid, fluidity | W7 | |
lixa | n.fem | lye, water | W7 | |
lixivius | adj | made of lye | W7 | |
prolixus | adj | extended | W7 | |
relinquo, relinquere | vb | to abandon, leave behind | W7 | |
reliquiae | n.fem.pl | remains | W7 | |
reliquus, reliqua, reliquum | adj | remaining, left behind | LRC | |
Late Latin: | lixivium | n.neut | lye | W7 |
reliquiae | n.fem.pl | remains of a martyr | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | reliquia | n.neut.pl | relics | W7 |
Old French: | licour | n.fem | liquid, liquor, nectar | W7 |
relique | n.fem | relic | W7 | |
Middle French: | liquefier | vb | to liquefy | W7 |
liquide | adj | fluid | W7 | |
prolixe | adj | prolix, generous | W7 | |
relinquir, relinquiss- | vb | to relinquish | W7 | |
French: | éclipse | n.fem | eclipse | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | polīnka | vb | to remain | LRC |
Lithuanian: | laĩkas | n.masc | time | LRC |
laikýti, laĩko, laĩkė | vb | to keep | LRC | |
lìkti, líeka, lìko | vb | to remain | LRC | |
palìkti, paliẽka, palìko | vb | to leave | LRC | |
Latvian: | likt | vb | to leave | LRC |
palikt, palieku, paliku | vb | to remain, become | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | λείπω | vb | to quit, leave | LRC |
Greek: | ekleipw | vb | to fail, omit, suffer eclipse | W7 |
ekleipsis | n.fem | omition, eclipse | W7 | |
elleipw | vb | to leave out, fall short | W7 | |
elleipsis | n.fem | ellipsis, ellipse | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | lk'anem | vb | to leave | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | irinaḫti | vb | to leave | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | riṅákti | vb | to leave | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
II | = | class 2 |
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |