Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leiku̯- 'to leave, relinquish'
Semantic Field(s): to Leave, Relinquish
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fliuch | adj | damp | W7 |
| lēicid | vb | to leave, relinquish | LRC | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lǣn, lān | n.fem | loan | ASD/W7 |
| lǣnan | vb.wk | to lend | ASD/W7 | |
| lēon | vb.str | to lend | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | eclipse | n | eclipse | W7 |
| lenden | vb | to lend | W7 | |
| lenen | vb | to lend | W7 | |
| licour | n | liquor | W7 | |
| liquid | adj | liquid | W7 | |
| lon | n | loan | W7 | |
| prolix | adj | prolix | W7 | |
| relik | n | relic | W7 | |
| relinquisshen | vb | to relinquish | W7 | |
| English: | delinquent | adj | offending by neglect/violation of duty/law | AHD/W7 |
| deliquesce | vb.intrans | to melt away | AHD/W7 | |
| derelict | adj | run down, abandoned by owner/occupant | AHD/W7 | |
| eclipse | n | total/partial obscuration of one star/planet by another | AHD/W7 | |
| ellipsis | n | omission of word(s) that can be supplied by reader/hearer | AHD/W7 | |
| lend, lent | vb.wk | to give for use temporarily (pending return) | AHD/W7 | |
| liquate | vb.trans | to separate out by application of heat | AHD/W7 | |
| liquefy | vb | to reduce to liquid state | AHD/W7 | |
| liquescent | adj | melting, being/tending to become liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| liquid | adj | flowing freely (like water) | AHD/W7 | |
| liquor | n | liquid substance | AHD/W7 | |
| lixiviate | vb.trans | to extract (from solid mixture) by washing/percolation | AHD/W7 | |
| loan | n | money lent at interest | AHD/W7 | |
| prolix | adj | unduly prolonged/drawn out | AHD/W7 | |
| relic | n | object esteemed/venerated due to association with saint/martyr | AHD/W7 | |
| relinquish | vb.trans | to abandon, retreat/withdraw from | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | lēn | n.neut | grant, fee, fief | ASD |
| lēna | vb | to lend, grant | ASD | |
| lēra | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
| līa | vb | to lend | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | (far-)līhan | vb | to lend | ASD |
| lērian | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | līan | vb | to lend | ASD |
| Old High German: | lēhan | n.neut | loan, fee | ASD |
| lēhanon | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| lēran | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
| līhan | vb | to lend | LRC | |
| German: | lehen | n.neut | fief, fee | ASD |
| lehnen | vb | to lend | ASD | |
| lehren | vb | to teach, instruct | ASD | |
| leihen | vb | to lend | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | lān | n | loan | W7 |
| ljā | vb | to lend | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | lána | vb | to lend | ASD |
| léna | vb | to grant | ASD | |
| ljá | vb | to lend | ASD | |
| læra | vb | to teach; learn | ASD | |
| Danish: | lære | vb | to teach; learn | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | leiƕan | vb | to lend | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | delinquens, delinquentis | adj/vb.ptc | offensive, delinquent | W7 |
| delinquo, delinquere | vb | to fail, offend | W7 | |
| deliquesco, deliquescere | vb | to melt, dissolve | W7 | |
| derelinquo, derelinquere, derelīquī, derelictus | vb | to abandon | W7 | |
| eclipsis | n.fem | eclipse | W7 | |
| ellipsis | n.fem | ellipse | W7 | |
| linquō, linquere, līquī, -- | vb.I | to quit, leave, go away | W7 | |
| liquefacio, liquefacere | vb.III | to liquefy | W7 | |
| liqueo, liquēre | vb.II | to be fluid | W7 | |
| liquesco, liquescere | vb | to become liquid | W7 | |
| liquidus | adj | fluid | W7 | |
| liquō, liquāre | vb.II | to melt, dissolve, make fluid | W7 | |
| liquor, liquoris | n.masc | fluid, fluidity | W7 | |
| lixa | n.fem | lye, water | W7 | |
| lixivius | adj | made of lye | W7 | |
| prolixus | adj | extended | W7 | |
| relinquo, relinquere | vb | to abandon, leave behind | W7 | |
| reliquiae | n.fem.pl | remains | W7 | |
| reliquus, reliqua, reliquum | adj | remaining, left behind | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | lixivium | n.neut | lye | W7 |
| reliquiae | n.fem.pl | remains of a martyr | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | reliquia | n.neut.pl | relics | W7 |
| Old French: | licour | n.fem | liquid, liquor, nectar | W7 |
| relique | n.fem | relic | W7 | |
| Middle French: | liquefier | vb | to liquefy | W7 |
| liquide | adj | fluid | W7 | |
| prolixe | adj | prolix, generous | W7 | |
| relinquir, relinquiss- | vb | to relinquish | W7 | |
| French: | éclipse | n.fem | eclipse | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | polīnka | vb | to remain | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | laĩkas | n.masc | time | LRC |
| laikýti, laĩko, laĩkė | vb | to keep | LRC | |
| lìkti, líeka, lìko | vb | to remain | LRC | |
| palìkti, paliẽka, palìko | vb | to leave | LRC | |
| Latvian: | likt | vb | to leave | LRC |
| palikt, palieku, paliku | vb | to remain, become | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | λείπω | vb | to quit, leave | LRC |
| Greek: | ekleipw | vb | to fail, omit, suffer eclipse | W7 |
| ekleipsis | n.fem | omition, eclipse | W7 | |
| elleipw | vb | to leave out, fall short | W7 | |
| elleipsis | n.fem | ellipsis, ellipse | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | lk'anem | vb | to leave | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | irinaḫti | vb | to leave | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | riṅákti | vb | to leave | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |