Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leip- 'to smear (with fat), stick'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | belīfan | vb | to remain, be left over | W7 |
endleofan | nbr.card | eleven (11) | W7 | |
lǣfan, lǣfde, lǣfed | vb.wk.I | to leave | LRC | |
lāf | n.fem | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | ASD | |
lēon | vb | to lend | W7 | |
libban, lifde, lifd | vb.wk.III | to live | LRC | |
līf | n.neut | life | LRC | |
Līf-frea͡ | prop.n.wk.masc | lit. Life-lord | LRC | |
līflīc | adj | lively | W7 | |
Middle English: | alyve | adj | alive | MEV |
delayen | vb | to delay | W7 | |
enleven | nbr.card | eleven (11) | W7 | |
leven | vb | to leave | W7 | |
lif | n | life | W7 | |
lively | adj | lively | W7 | |
liven | vb | to live | W7 | |
English: | aliphatic | adj | re: fat | AHD/W7 |
alive | adj | living | LRC | |
delay | vb | to postpone, put off | AHD/W7 | |
eleven | nbr.card | 11, lit. one left | AHD/W7 | |
Fréaláf | prop.n | 10th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Guthláf | prop.n | Theoden's flag-bearer in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
leave, left | vb.wk | to depart, bequeath | AHD/W7 | |
life | n | quality distinguishing vital/functional being from dead body/inert matter | AHD/W7 | |
live | vb | to be alive, have plant/animal life | AHD/W7 | |
lively | adj | living | AHD/W7 | |
relay | n | supply arranged for successive relief | AHD/W7 | |
relay | vb | to provide fresh relays | AHD | |
synalepha | n | blending of successive vowels into one syllable | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | andlova, elleva | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
lāva | n | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | ASD | |
lēva | vb | to leave | ASD | |
libba | vb | to live | ASD | |
līf | n | life | ASD | |
Frisian: | alue, alve | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
Dutch: | blijven | vb | to stay, remain | ASD |
Old Saxon: | ellevan | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
farleƀian | vb | to remain | ASD | |
lēƀa | n | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | ASD | |
lēƀōn | vb | to be left | ASD | |
libbian | vb | to live | ASD | |
līf | n | life | ASD | |
Old High German: | einlif | nbr.card | eleven (11) | W7 |
lebēn | vb | to live | W7 | |
leiba | n | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | ASD | |
leibēn | vb | to remain | ASD | |
leibjan | vb | to leave | ASD | |
līp | n | life | ASD | |
pilīpan | vb | to stay, remain | ASD | |
verleiben | vb | to leave | W7 | |
Middle High German: | beliben | vb | to stay, remain | ASD |
einlef, einlif | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD | |
German: | bleiben | vb | to stay, remain | ASD |
e(i)lf | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD | |
Leben | n.neut | life | LRC | |
leben | vb | to live | LRC | |
Leib | n.masc | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | leifa, leifað | vb | to leave | LRC |
lifa, lifað | vb | to live | LRC | |
líf | n.neut | life | LRC | |
Icelandic: | ellifu | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
leif | n | relic, remnant, survivor, what is left | ASD | |
leifa | vb | to leave | ASD | |
lifa | vb | to live | ASD | |
líf | n | life, body, person | ASD | |
Danish: | blive | vb | to stay, remain | ASD |
elleve | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD | |
Swedish: | blifva, bli | vb | to stay, remain | ASD |
elfva | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | aflifnan | vb.wk.IV | to stay, remain | LRC |
ainlif | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD | |
bi-laibjan | vb | to remain | ASD | |
laiba | n | remnant | ASD | |
liban | vb | to live | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | caelebs | adj | unmarried | W7 |
laxo, laxāre | vb | to loosen, slacken | W7 | |
Old French: | delaier | vb | to postpone | W7 |
laier | vb | to leave | W7 | |
laissier | vb | to leave, let go | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἄλειφαρ, ἄλειφατος | n.neut | oil, fat, ointment | LRC |
ἀλείφω | vb | to smear, anoint (with oil) | LRC | |
λίπα | adv | richly, with oil | LRC | |
λιπαρός | adj | sleek, shining (with oil) | LRC | |
Greek: | lipos | n.neut | fat | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
III | = | class 3 |
IV | = | class 4 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
card | = | cardinal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |