Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leis- 'to furrow; learn'
Semantic Field(s): to Learn
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | (ge)leornian, (ge)leornode, (ge)leornod | vb.wk.II | to learn, study | LRC |
| lǣran, lǣrde, lǣred | vb.wk.I | to teach, advise, exhort | LRC | |
| lǣst | n.fem | covering for the foot, boot | LRC | |
| lǣstan | vb.wk | to last, follow | ASD/W7 | |
| lār | n.fem | lore | ASD/W7 | |
| lāst, lǣst | n.masc | track, footprint | LRC | |
| Middle English: | last | n | last | W7 |
| lasten | vb | to last | W7 | |
| lernen | vb | to learn | W7 | |
| lore | n | lore | W7 | |
| English: | delirium | n | mental disturbance involving confusion/disordered speech/hallucinations | AHD/W7 |
| last | n | wooden/metal form shaped like human foot | AHD/W7 | |
| last | vb | to go on, continue in time | AHD/W7 | |
| learn, learnt | vb.wk | to gain knowledge/understanding of by study/instruction/experience | AHD/W7 | |
| lore | n | lesson, something taught | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ge-lerna, ge-lirna | vb | to learn, study | ASD |
| lāre | n | lore | ASD | |
| lāsta, lēsta | vb | to do, pay, perform | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | lēra | n | lore | ASD |
| lēstian | vb | to do, perform | ASD | |
| linōn | vb | to learn, study | ASD | |
| Old High German: | leist | n | shoemaker's last | W7 |
| leistan | vb | to perform | ASD | |
| lēra | n | doctrine | W7 | |
| lernēn, lirnēn | vb | to learn | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Lehre | n | lore | ASD |
| leisten | vb | to perform | ASD | |
| lernen | vb | to learn, study | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | láisjan | vb.wk.I | to teach | LRC |
| láistjan | vb.wk.I | to follow | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | delirium | n.neut | craziness | W7 |
| deliro, delirāre | vb | to be crazy | W7 | |
| lira | n.fem | track, furrow | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
