Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leit- 'to loathe, detest, abhor; violate'
Semantic Field(s): Hate (n), to Spoil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | liuss | n | aversion | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lāþ | adj/n.neut | (what is) loathed, evil, hateful, grievous | ASD |
| lāðian | vb | to loathe | W7 | |
| lāð-spell | n.str.neut | painful/grievous story, lit. ill-news | ASD | |
| slīðen | adj | cruel, dire, evil | LRC | |
| Middle English: | loth | adj | evil, loathsome | W7 |
| lothen | vb | to loathe | W7 | |
| English: | Láthspell | prop.n | Grima's epithet for Gandalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| loath | adj | reluctant, unwilling (to do something) | AHD/W7 | |
| loathe | vb.trans | to hate, detest, dislike greatly | AHD/W7 | |
| loathsome | adj | causing loathing | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | lēð | adj/n | (what is) loathed, evil, hateful, grievous | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | lēð | adj/n | (what is) loathed, evil, hateful, grievous | ASD |
| Old High German: | leid | adj | loathsome | W7 |
| leid | n | hurt, evil, trouble, what is hateful | ASD | |
| German: | Leid | n | hurt, evil, trouble, what is hateful | ASD |
| leid | adj | loathed, evil, hateful, grievous | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | leiðr | adj | loathed, evil, hateful, grievous | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
