Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. leit(h)- 'to die, go away'
Semantic Field(s): to Die; Dead; Death, to Depart, Go Away
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brim-lād | n.fem | path of the sea, lit. sea lane | LRC |
| lād | n.fem | lode, way, course | ASD/W7 | |
| lǣdan, lǣde, lǣded | vb.wk.I | to lead, bring | LRC | |
| līflād | n.fem | livelihood | ASD/W7 | |
| Līð(a) | prop.n.masc | June-July: Lithe (sailing season) | ASD | |
| līðan | vb.str.I | to sail, go (by sea) | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | leden | vb | to lead | W7 |
| livelode | n | course of life | W7 | |
| lod | n | load | W7 | |
| lode | n | lode | W7 | |
| English: | Afterlithe | prop.n | Shire calendar's July in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| Forelithe | prop.n | Shire calendar's June in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| lead, led | vb.str | to guide, go in front | AHD/W7 | |
| Lithe | prop.n | midsummer hobbit holidays in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| livelihood | n | means of support/subsistence | AHD/W7 | |
| load | n | pack, burden to be carried | AHD/W7 | |
| lode | n | waterway | AHD/W7 | |
| Silverlode | prop.n | river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | lēda | vb | to lead, conduct | ASD |
| Dutch: | leiden | vb | to lead | LRC |
| Old Saxon: | lēdian | vb | to lead, bring, bear | ASD |
| līðan | vb | to sail, go | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | lēdian, leidan | vb | to lead, bring | ASD |
| Old High German: | galīdan | vb | to sail, go | ASD |
| leita | n | funeral procession | ASD | |
| leitan | vb | to lead, bring | W7 | |
| līb-leita | n | livelihood, way of life | ASD | |
| German: | leiten | vb | to lead, bring | ASD |
| Leitung | n.fem | management | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | leið | n.fem | way, journey; road, path; manner, fashion | LRC |
| leiða, leidd | vb | to lead, bring | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | leið | n | way, course, road; levy | ASD |
| leiða | vb | to lead, bring | ASD | |
| líða | vb | to sail, go | ASD | |
| Danish: | lede | vb | to lead | LRC |
| Swedish: | leda | vb | to lead | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |