Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. lendh- 'heath, steppe, open land'
Semantic Field(s): Plain, Field, Earth, Land
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | land | n | open space | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | dūn-land | n.neut | hilly land, lit. down-land | ASD |
Gotland | prop.n.neut | lit. Goth-land | LRC | |
Hālgo-land | prop.n.neut | Helgoland, district of Norway | ASD | |
īgland | n.neut | island | W7 | |
Īraland | prop.n.neut | Ireland | LRC | |
lond, land | n.str.neut | land, realm, country | LRC | |
Scedeland | prop.n.neut | Danish land | LRC | |
Swēoland | prop.n.neut | Sweden | LRC | |
Middle English: | island | n | island | W7 |
land | n | land | W7 | |
Laon | n | France | W7 | |
lawn | n | lawn | W7 | |
English: | auslander | n | alien, outsider, foreigner | AHD |
Bree-land | prop.n | highland area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Buckland | prop.n | Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Dunland | prop.n | hilly area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Helgoland | prop.n | North Sea island | W7 | |
hinterland | n | region behind coast | AHD/W7 | |
island | n | land (smaller than continent) surrounded by water | AHD/W7 | |
land | n | solid part of earth's surface | AHD/W7 | |
lawn | n | fine sheer plain-woven cotton/linen fabric | AHD/W7 | |
Northerland | prop.n | lands north of Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Sunlending | prop.n | a.k.a. Gondor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Tookland | prop.n | Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
uitlander | n | foreigner, lit. outlander | AHD | |
Wilderland | prop.n | wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Woodland | prop.n | Sylvan Elves' realm in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | eiland | n | island | TLL |
land | n | land, country | TLL | |
platteland | n | countryside | TLL | |
Afrikaans: | uitlander | n | uitlander | AHD |
Old High German: | lant | n.neut | land | W7 |
Middle High German: | lant | n | land | AHD |
German: | Ausländer | n.masc | auslander | LRC |
ausländisch | adj | foreign, alien, exotic | LRC | |
Hinterland | n.neut | hinterland | W7 | |
Land | n.neut | land | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | eyland | n.neut | island | W7 |
land | n.neut | land | LRC | |
landauðn | n.fem | depopulation | LRC | |
landaurar | n.masc | land-dues (tax paid by Icelanders to king upon arrival in Norway) | LRC | |
Icelandic: | eyland | n | island | ASD |
Danish: | land | n | land, country | TLL |
Swedish: | land | n | land, country | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | land | n.str.neut | land, country | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |