Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leubh- 'to love, like, care for'
Semantic Field(s): to Love; Love
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | alȳfan | vb | to allow | W7 |
| belēfan | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| (ge)lēafa | n.masc | belief | ASD/W7 | |
| gelīefan, gelīefde, gelīefed | vb.wk.I | to grant; believe, trust | LRC | |
| lēaf | n.fem | leave, permission | ASD/W7 | |
| lēof | adj | lief | LRC | |
| lī(e)fan, lēfan, lȳfan | vb.wk.I | to allow, believe | ASD/W7 | |
| lof-dǣd | n.str.fem | praiseworthy deed | LRC | |
| lufu | n.fem | love | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | beleave, beleeve | n | belief | MEV/W7 |
| beleven | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| leve | n | leave | W7 | |
| l(i)ef | adj | lief | W7 | |
| love | n | love | W7 | |
| quodlibet | n | quodlibet | W7 | |
| English: | belief | n | state of mind: trust/confidence is placed in person/thing | AHD/W7 |
| believe | vb | to have firm religious faith | AHD/W7 | |
| furlough | n | leave of absence | AHD/W7 | |
| leave | n | permission | AHD/W7 | |
| Léofa | prop.n | 11th Rohan king (as Brytta) in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| libido | n | passion, sexual desire | AHD/W7 | |
| lief | adj | dear, beloved | AHD/W7 | |
| livelong | adj | whole, entire | AHD/W7 | |
| love | n | affection based on admiration/benevolence | AHD/W7 | |
| love | vb | to cherish, hold dear | W7 | |
| quodlibet | n | whimsical combination of familiar texts/melodies | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | liaf, lief | adj | lief | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | lof | n | praise | W7 |
| verlof | n | leave | W7 | |
| Dutch: | lof | n | praise | LRC |
| verlof | n | leave | W7 | |
| veroorloven | n | to allow, give leave | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | gi-lōƀo | n | belief | ASD |
| liof | adj | lief | ASD | |
| or-lōf | n | leave | ASD | |
| Old High German: | gilouben | vb | to believe | W7 |
| ki-lauba | n | belief | ASD | |
| laubo | n | belief | ASD | |
| liob, liub, lieb | adj | lief | ASD | |
| lupa | n | love | W7 | |
| urlaup | n | leave | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | loube | n | leave | W7 |
| German: | erlauben | vb | to allow, give leave | LRC |
| Glaube | n.masc | belief | ASD | |
| lieb | adj | lief | ASD | |
| Liebe | n.fem | love | LRC | |
| lieben | vb | to love | LRC | |
| Urlaub | n.masc | furlough, vacation | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | lof | n.neut | praise | LRC |
| lofa, lofað | vb | to praise; allow, permit | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | ljúfr | adj | lief | LRC |
| Icelandic: | leyfa | vb | to permit | ASD |
| leyfi | n | leave | ASD | |
| ljúfr | adj | lief | ASD | |
| or-lof | n | leave | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-laubeins | n | belief | ASD |
| ga-láubjan | vb.wk.I | to believe | LRC | |
| liufs, liubs | adj | lief | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | libet, lubet, libēre, lubēre | vb.impers | to please, be lief | W7 |
| libido | n.fem | libido | W7 | |
| quilibet | pron | any whatever | W7 | |
| quodlibet | pron.neut | whatever | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | quodlibetum | n.neut | subtle theological question posed for argument | W7 |
| New Latin: | libido, libidinis | n.fem | passion, sexual desire | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | liaupsẽ | vb.ptc | praising | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ljubiti, ljubljǫ, ljubiši | vb | to love | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | laps | vb | to wish, want | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | λυπτά | n | concubine, prostitute | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | lúbhyati | vb | to feel strong desire | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| impers | = | impersonal (verb) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
