Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: leubh-   'to love, like, care for'

Semantic Field(s): to Love; Love

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: alȳfan vb to allow W7
belēfan vb to believe W7
(ge)lēafa n.masc belief ASD/W7
gelīefan, gelīefde, gelīefed vb.wk.I to grant; believe, trust LRC
lēaf n.fem leave, permission ASD/W7
lēof adj lief LRC
lī(e)fan, lēfan, lȳfan vb.wk.I to allow, believe ASD/W7
lof-dǣd n.str.fem praiseworthy deed LRC
lufu n.fem love ASD/W7
Middle English: beleave, beleeve n belief MEV/W7
beleven vb to believe W7
leve n leave W7
l(i)ef adj lief W7
love n love W7
quodlibet n quodlibet W7
English: belief n state of mind: trust/confidence is placed in person/thing AHD/W7
believe vb to have firm religious faith AHD/W7
furlough n leave of absence AHD/W7
leave n permission AHD/W7
Léofa prop.n 11th Rohan king (as Brytta) in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
libido n passion, sexual desire AHD/W7
lief adj dear, beloved AHD/W7
livelong adj whole, entire AHD/W7
love n affection based on admiration/benevolence AHD/W7
love vb to cherish, hold dear W7
quodlibet n whimsical combination of familiar texts/melodies AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: liaf, lief adj lief ASD
Middle Dutch: lof n praise W7
verlof n leave W7
Dutch: lof n praise LRC
verlof n leave W7
veroorloven n to allow, give leave LRC
Old Saxon: gi-lōƀo n belief ASD
liof adj lief ASD
or-lōf n leave ASD
Old High German: gilouben vb to believe W7
ki-lauba n belief ASD
laubo n belief ASD
liob, liub, lieb adj lief ASD
lupa n love W7
urlaup n leave ASD
Middle High German: loube n leave W7
German: erlauben vb to allow, give leave LRC
Glaube n.masc belief ASD
lieb adj lief ASD
Liebe n.fem love LRC
lieben vb to love LRC
Urlaub n.masc furlough, vacation LRC
North Germanic  
Old Norse: lof n.neut praise LRC
lofa, lofað vb to praise; allow, permit LRC
Old Icelandic: ljúfr adj lief LRC
Icelandic: leyfa vb to permit ASD
leyfi n leave ASD
ljúfr adj lief ASD
or-lof n leave ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: ga-laubeins n belief ASD
ga-láubjan vb.wk.I to believe LRC
liufs, liubs adj lief ASD
Italic  
Latin: libet, lubet, libēre, lubēre vb.impers to please, be lief W7
libido n.fem libido W7
quilibet pron any whatever W7
quodlibet pron.neut whatever W7
Medieval Latin: quodlibetum n.neut subtle theological question posed for argument W7
New Latin: libido, libidinis n.fem passion, sexual desire W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: liaupsẽ vb.ptc praising LRC
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: ljubiti, ljubljǫ, ljubiši vb to love LRC
Albanian  
Albanian: laps vb to wish, want LRC
Hellenic  
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: λυπτά n concubine, prostitute LRC
Indic  
Sanskrit: lúbhyati vb to feel strong desire LRC

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
I=class 1
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
impers=impersonal (verb)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pron=pronoun
prop=proper
ptc=participle
str=strong (inflection)
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV=J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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