Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leud- 'to lout, bend over, duck down; bent, little, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Crooked, Small, Little
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lūtan | vb | to lout, bend | W7 |
| lȳt | n.neut | small/little number | LRC | |
| lȳtel | adj | little | LRC | |
| lȳtlian, lȳtlode, lȳtlod | vb.wk.II | to lessen, diminish, make little | LRC | |
| Middle English: | littel | adj | little | W7 |
| loiteren | vb | to loiter | W7 | |
| louten | vb | to lout | W7 | |
| English: | little | adj | small, not big/tall/large | AHD/W7 |
| loiter | vb.intrans | to linger, delay activity with idle/aimless stops/pauses | AHD/W7 | |
| lout | n | oaf, awkward clownish fellow | AHD/W7 | |
| lout | vb.intrans | to bow in respect/courtesy | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | luttil | adj | little | ASD |
| Old High German: | luz(z)il | adj | little | ASD/W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | lūta | vb | to lout, bow down | W7 |
| lūtr | vb.ptc | bent down | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | lítill | adj | little | ASD |
| lúta | vb | to lout, bow down | ASD | |
| Danish: | lille | adj | little | TLL |
| Swedish: | liten | adj | little | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | leitils | adj | little | ASD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | liusti | vb | to be sad | W7 |
| liūdnas, liūdnà | adj | sad | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
