Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. leudh- 'to grow up; free; people'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow, Free (adj), People, Populace
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lēod | n.masc | man, person, member of tribe | LRC |
| lēodan | vb.str | to grow | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | deliveren | vb | to deliver | W7 |
| liberal | adj | liberal | W7 | |
| liberty | n | liberty | W7 | |
| libertyn | n | libertine | W7 | |
| livery | n | livery | W7 | |
| English: | deliver | vb.trans | to set free | AHD/W7 |
| Léod | prop.n | Eorl's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| liberal | adj | re: liberal arts | AHD/W7 | |
| liberate | vb.trans | to release, set at liberty | AHD/W7 | |
| libertine | n | manumitted Roman slave | AHD/W7 | |
| liberty | n | freedom | AHD/W7 | |
| livery | n | allowance, apportioning of provisions | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | liode, liude | n | man, person | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | liodan | vb | to grow | ASD |
| liudī | n | man, person | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | liud | n.masc | man, person | ASD |
| Old High German: | ar-liutan, fram-liutan | vb | to grow | ASD |
| liuti | n | man, person | ASD | |
| German: | Leute | n.pl | people | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | lȳðir | n.pl | people | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | juggaláuþs | n.str.masc | young man | LRC |
| liudan | vb | to grow | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | liber | adj | free | W7 |
| liberalis, liberalis, liberale | adj | liberal, generous | LRC | |
| liberō, liberāre, liberāvī, liberātus | vb | to free, liberate | W7 | |
| libertas, libertatis | n.fem | liberty | LRC | |
| libertinus | adj/n.masc | (re:) freedman | W7 | |
| libertus | n.masc | freedman | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | delibero, deliberāre | vb | to discuss | W7 |
| Old French: | delivrer | vb | to set free | W7 |
| livree | n.fem | delivery; uniform | W7 | |
| livrer | vb | to deliver | W7 | |
| Middle French: | libéral | adj | liberal, with democratic opinions | W7 |
| liberté | n.fem | liberty, freedom | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | ļaudis | n.masc | people | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | eleutheros | adj | free | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |