Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: leup-, and leub-, leubh- 'to lift, peel, cut/break off, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Flay, Skin, to Cut, to Break
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lēaf | n.neut | leaf | ASD/W7 |
| loft | n | loft | W7 | |
| lyft | n | lift | W7 | |
| Middle English: | aloft(e) | adv | aloft | MEV/W7 |
| leef | n | leaf | W7 | |
| lift | n | lift | W7 | |
| liften | vb | to lift | W7 | |
| loft | n | loft | W7 | |
| log(g)e | n | lodge | ODE/W7 | |
| English: | aloft | adv | in air, at/to great height | AHD/W7 |
| Goatleaf | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| goatleaf | n.arch | honeysuckle (in The Lay of the Honeysuckle) | LRC | |
| leaf | n | plant foliage | AHD/W7 | |
| Leaflock | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Finglas in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| lift | n | air, sky, heavens | AHD/W7 | |
| lift | vb | to elevate, raise from lower to higher position | AHD/W7 | |
| lobby | n | room(s) used for waiting/passage | W7 | |
| lodge | n | hut, cottage, rude shelter/abode | AHD/W7 | |
| loft | n | attic, room/floor above another | AHD/W7 | |
| loge | n | small compartment, box in theater | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | lucht | n | air | TLL |
| Old High German: | loub | n | leaf | W7 |
| louba | n | porch, lobby | W7 | |
| louppea | n | hut, booth, lobby, shady/sheltered place | ODE | |
| luft | n | lift | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | loube | n | hall, porch; lobby, balcony | ODE |
| German: | Laub | n.neut | leaf | LRC |
| Laube | n.fem | lobby, alcove; arbor, trellis | LRC | |
| Lift | n.masc | elevator | LRC | |
| Luft | n.fem | lift | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | lopt | n.neut | lift; upper room | LRC |
| lypta | vb | to lift, raise | W7 | |
| Danish: | loft | n | ceiling | TLL |
| luft | n | lift | TLL | |
| Swedish: | luft | n | lift | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | lobium | n | lobby, gallery | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | lobia, laubia | n | lobby | ODE |
| Portuguese: | loja | n | lodge | ODE |
| Old French: | loge | n | lodge; arbor, covered walk | AHD/ODE |
| French: | loge | n | loge, lodge | ODE |
| Provençal: | lotja | n | lodge | ODE |
| Italian: | loggia | n | lodge | ODE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
