Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mad- 'to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed'
Semantic Field(s): Wet, Damp
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gemetta | n | guest at table | W7 |
| mæst | n | mast | ASD/W7 | |
| mete, mæte | n.masc | meat | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | mast | n | mast | W7 |
| mate | n | mate | W7 | |
| mete | n | meat | W7 | |
| English: | casemate | n | armored/fortified place where guns are mounted | AHD/W7 |
| mast | n | nuts accumulated on forest floor | AHD/W7 | |
| mastoid | adj | pterotic; teat-like, nipple-shaped | CDC | |
| mate | n | companion, associate | AHD/W7 | |
| matte | n | metal mixed with its sulfides | AHD | |
| meat | n | food | AHD/W7 | |
| meathead | n | dull/stupid person | AHD | |
| muesli | n | mixture of untoasted rolled oats/dried fruit | AHD | |
| musth | n | periodic frenzy of bull elephant during rut | AHD/W7 | |
| myna | n | Asiatic starling | AHD/W7 | |
| sternocleidomastoid | n | neck muscle that rotates head | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | mete | n | meat | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | meti | n | meat | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | māt | n | mate | W7 |
| Old High German: | mast | n | mast | ASD |
| maz | n.neut | food | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Mast | n.fem | mast | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | matr | n.masc | food, meal | LRC |
| Icelandic: | matr | n | meat | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | matjan | vb.wk.I | to eat | LRC |
| mats | n | meat | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | madeo, madēre | vb | to be wet, drunk | W7 |
| French: | matte | n | matte | AHD |
| Old Italian: | casamatta | n.fem | casemate | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | madaros | adj | wet | W7 |
| μαστός | n.masc | breast | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | madana | n | Asiatic starling | W7 |
| Hindi: | mast | adj | intoxicated | W7 |
| mainā | n | Asiatic starling | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
