Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mag̑- 'to knead, press, stroke'
Semantic Field(s): to Knead, to Press, to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | macian | vb.wk | to make, do, prepare | ASD/W7 |
| mæcca | n.masc/fem | match, companion | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | macche | n | match | W7 |
| maken | vb | to make | W7 | |
| mason | n | mason | W7 | |
| masse | n | mass | W7 | |
| English: | amass | vb.trans | to collect, gather together | AHD/W7 |
| magma | n | dregs, sediment | AHD/W7 | |
| make, made | vb.irr.obs | to act, behave, seem to begin | AHD/W7 | |
| makeup | n | composition, constitution, how parts/ingredients are melded | W7 | |
| maquillage | n | (facial) cosmetics | AHD/W7 | |
| mason | n | workman skilled with stone/similar material | AHD/W7 | |
| mass | n | quantity/aggregate of matter | AHD/W7 | |
| match | n | person/thing equal/similar to another | AHD/W7 | |
| mazaedium | n | fruiting body of lichen | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | makia | vb | to make, do | ASD |
| Old Frankish: | amasser | vb | to amass, assemble | AHD |
| Dutch: | maken | vb | to make | LRC |
| Old Saxon: | makōn | vb | to make, do | ASD |
| Old High German: | mahhōn, machōn | vb | to make, prepare | ASD/W7 |
| German: | machen | vb | to make, do | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | massa | n.fem | mass, pile | W7 |
| Old French: | maçon | n.masc | mason | W7 |
| masse | n | mass | W7 | |
| Middle French: | amasser | vb | to amass, combine | W7 |
| masse | n.fem | amount of matter | W7 | |
| French: | maquillage | n | maquillage | AHD/W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Slavic: | mazati | vb | to anoint | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | magma, magmatos | n.neut | thick unguent | W7 |
| maza | n.fem | mass, pile | W7 | |
| massw | vb | to knead | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
