Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. mē-, mō-, mə- 'to be intent; of strong will'
Semantic Field(s): Purpose, Intention, to Will, Wish
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gāl-mōd | adj | wanton, licentious, light-minded | ASD |
| mōd | n.neut | mood: mind, soul, spirit | LRC | |
| mōd-cearig | adj | anxious, sorrowful, lit. mood-caring | LRC | |
| mōd-wlonc | adj | haughty, lit. mood-proud | LRC | |
| Middle English: | mood | n | mood: mind, soul, spirit | W7 |
| moral | adj | moral | W7 | |
| English: | Gálmód | prop.n | Grima's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| gemutlich | adj | warm, amiable, congenial, comfortable | AHD | |
| gemutlichkeit | n | warmth, comfort, congeniality | AHD | |
| mood | n | feeling, emotion, state of mind | AHD/W7 | |
| moral | adj | ethical, re: principles of right/wrong | AHD/W7 | |
| morale | n | moral conduct/teachings/principles | AHD/W7 | |
| mores | n.pl | fixed morally binding group customs | AHD/W7 | |
| morose | adj | having gloomy/sullen disposition | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | mōd | n | mood: mind, soul, spirit | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | gēl-mōd | adj | gole, light-minded | ASD |
| mōd | n | mood: mind, soul, spirit | ASD | |
| mōd-karag | adj | anxious, sorrowful, lit. mood-caring | ASD | |
| Old High German: | muot | n | mood: mind, soul, spirit | W7 |
| German: | Gemüt | n.neut | mind, nature; feeling, disposition | LRC |
| gemütlich | adj | gemutlich | AHD | |
| Gemütlichkeit | n.fem | gemutlichkeit | AHD | |
| Mut | n.masc | bravery, audacity | LRC | |
| Muth | n | mood: mind, soul, spirit | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | möðr | n | wrath, grief | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | mōds | n | anger | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | moralis | adj | re: mores/custom | W7 |
| morosus | adj | capricious | W7 | |
| mōs, mōris | n.masc | mores, custom | LRC | |
| Middle French: | moral | adj | according to custom | W7 |
| French: | moral | adj | moral | W7 |
| morale | n.fem | moral lesson of story | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | Μοῦσα | n.fem | Muse | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |