Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. med- 'to mete, allot; medicate, give advice'
Semantic Field(s): to Measure, to Explain
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | ǣmetta, æmta, emta | n.masc | rest, leisure | ASD/W7 |
ǣmettig, æm(e)tig, æmteg, em(e)tig | adj | vacant, unoccupied, unmarried | ASD/W7 | |
gemǣte | adj | meet | W7 | |
metan | vb | to mete | W7 | |
metod | n.masc | creator | LRC | |
-metta | sfx | empty | W7 | |
mōtan | vb.mod.ptpr | must, may, be allowed | W7 | |
Middle English: | commodious | adj | commodious | W7 |
commoditee | n | commodity | W7 | |
empty | adj | empty | W7 | |
immoderat | adj | immoderate | W7 | |
medicine | n | medicine | W7 | |
mete | adj | meet | W7 | |
meten | vb | to mete | W7 | |
moderate | adj | moderate | W7 | |
modicum | n | modicum | W7 | |
moede | n | mode | W7 | |
mold | n | mold | W7 | |
moten | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | W7 | |
remedie | n | remedy | W7 | |
English: | accommodate | vb | to adapt, make fit/suitable | AHD/W7 |
commode | n | woman's ornate cap (popular ca. 17th-18th centuries) | AHD/W7 | |
commodious | adj | handy, convenient, serviceable | AHD/W7 | |
commodity | n | advantage, convenience | AHD/W7 | |
Diomedes | prop.n | hero of the Trojan War (Homer's Iliad) | LRC | |
empty | adj | containing nothing | AHD/W7 | |
immoderate | adj | subject to extremes in behavior/expression | AHD/W7 | |
immodest | adj | not modest | AHD/W7 | |
medical | adj | re: physicians/practice of medicine | AHD/W7 | |
medicate | vb.trans | to treat medicinally | AHD/W7 | |
medicine | n | substance/preparation used to treat disease | AHD/W7 | |
medico | n | physician, medical practitioner | AHD/W7 | |
meditate | vb | to contemplate, reflect on/muse over | AHD/W7 | |
meet | adj | proper, suitable | AHD/W7 | |
mete | vb.trans | to measure, allot | AHD/W7 | |
metheglin | n | mead, beverage made of fermented honey | AHD/W7 | |
modal | adj | re: modality in logic/language | AHD/W7 | |
mode | n | arrangement of 8 diatonic notes/tones of octave according to intervals | AHD/W7 | |
mode | n | prevailing style/fashion of dress/behavior | AHD/W7 | |
model | n | set of plans for building | AHD/W7 | |
moderate | adj | avoiding extremes of behavior/expression, observing reasonable limits | AHD/W7 | |
modern | adj | contemporary, re: present/immediate past | AHD/W7 | |
modest | adj | re: moderate estimate of one's worth/abilities | AHD/W7 | |
modicum | n | small portion | AHD/W7 | |
modiolus | n | central bony core of cochlea | AHD | |
modulate | vb | to tune to key/pitch | AHD/W7 | |
module | n | unit/standard of measurement | AHD/W7 | |
modulus | n | numerical constant/coefficient expressing degree to which property is present | AHD/W7 | |
mold | n | type, distinctive nature/character | AHD/W7 | |
mote | vb.aux | may | AHD/W7 | |
moulage | n | (taking of) impression used as evidence in criminal investigation | AHD/W7 | |
must | vb.aux | to be commanded/requested to | AHD/W7 | |
mutchkin | n | Scotch unit of liquid measure | AHD/W7 | |
remedy | n | medicine/application to cure/relieve disease/symptoms | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | muchekyn | n | mutchkin | W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | meta | vb | to mete | ASD |
mōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD | |
Dutch: | mode | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
moet | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | mōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD |
Old Low German: | metan | vb | to mete | ASD |
Old High German: | ge-māzer | adj | meet | ASD |
mez(z)an | vb | to mete | ASD/W7 | |
muozan | vb.mod.ptpr | must, have to, be allowed to | W7 | |
German: | gemäss | prep | according to | TLL |
messen | vb | to mete | ASD | |
Mode | n.fem | mode: fashion | TLL | |
muss | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
müssen | vb.mod | must | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | mjǫtuðr | n.masc | dispenser of fate | LRC |
Icelandic: | meta | vb | to mete | ASD |
Danish: | mode | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
Swedish: | mod | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
måste | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | gamōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD |
mitan | vb | to mete | ASD | |
mitōn | vb.wk.II | to think, consider | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | accommodo, accommodare | vb | to fit, adjust, accommodate | AHD/CLD |
commoditas, commoditatis | n.fem | proportion, kindness, convenience | W7 | |
commodum | n.neut | commodity, opportunity | W7 | |
commodus | adj | friendly, convenient | W7 | |
Diomedes | n.masc | Diomedes | W7 | |
immoderatus | adj | immoderate, without measure | W7 | |
immodestus | adj | vain, immodest, extravagant | W7 | |
medeor, medēri | vb.dep | to heal | W7 | |
medicina | n.fem | medicine | W7 | |
medicinus | adj | of a physician | W7 | |
medico, medicare, medicavi, medicatus | vb | to heal | W7 | |
medicus | n.masc | physician | W7 | |
meditor, meditāri, meditātus | vb.dep | to meditate | W7 | |
moderō, moderāre, moderāvī, moderātus | vb | to moderate | W7 | |
modestus | adj | modest, convenable | W7 | |
modicus, modica, modicum | adj | moderate | W7 | |
modo | adv | in this measure | W7 | |
modulor, modulari, modulatus | vb.dep | to play, sing | W7 | |
modulus | n.masc | small measure, rhythm | W7 | |
modus, modi | n.masc | kind, manner; measure, musical mode | LRC | |
remedium | n.neut | cure, remedy | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | modellus | n.masc | small measure | W7 |
Late Latin: | medicalis | adj | of medicine | W7 |
modernus | adj | of the present | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | commodiosus | adj | convenient | W7 |
modalis | adj | modal | W7 | |
New Latin: | modulus | n.masc | modulus | W7 |
Spanish: | médico | n.masc | physician | W7 |
Old French: | medicine | n.fem | medicine | W7 |
modle | n.fem | mold | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | remedie | n.masc | remedy | W7 |
Middle French: | commodieux | adj | commodious | W7 |
commodité | n.fem | commodity | W7 | |
modelle | n.masc | model, measure | W7 | |
moulage | n.masc | moulage | W7 | |
mouler | vb | to mold | W7 | |
French: | commode | adj | convenient | W7 |
médical | adj | medical | W7 | |
mode | n.fem | fashion | W7 | |
moulage | n.masc | decoration made by moulding | W7 | |
Old Italian: | modello | n.masc | model, measure | W7 |
Italian: | mèdico | n.masc | physician | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | Diomēdēs | prop.n.masc | Diomedes | W7 |
Μῆδος | prop.n.masc | Mede | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | mad- | n | healer | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
3 | = | 3rd person |
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
aux | = | auxiliary |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
mod | = | modal |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
sfx | = | suffix |
sg | = | singular (number) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |