Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. med- 'to mete, allot; medicate, give advice'
Semantic Field(s): to Measure, to Explain
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣmetta, æmta, emta | n.masc | rest, leisure | ASD/W7 |
| ǣmettig, æm(e)tig, æmteg, em(e)tig | adj | vacant, unoccupied, unmarried | ASD/W7 | |
| gemǣte | adj | meet | W7 | |
| metan | vb | to mete | W7 | |
| metod | n.masc | creator | LRC | |
| -metta | sfx | empty | W7 | |
| mōtan | vb.mod.ptpr | must, may, be allowed | W7 | |
| Middle English: | commodious | adj | commodious | W7 |
| commoditee | n | commodity | W7 | |
| empty | adj | empty | W7 | |
| immoderat | adj | immoderate | W7 | |
| medicine | n | medicine | W7 | |
| mete | adj | meet | W7 | |
| meten | vb | to mete | W7 | |
| moderate | adj | moderate | W7 | |
| modicum | n | modicum | W7 | |
| moede | n | mode | W7 | |
| mold | n | mold | W7 | |
| moten | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | W7 | |
| remedie | n | remedy | W7 | |
| English: | accommodate | vb | to adapt, make fit/suitable | AHD/W7 |
| commode | n | woman's ornate cap (popular ca. 17th-18th centuries) | AHD/W7 | |
| commodious | adj | handy, convenient, serviceable | AHD/W7 | |
| commodity | n | advantage, convenience | AHD/W7 | |
| Diomedes | prop.n | hero of the Trojan War (Homer's Iliad) | LRC | |
| empty | adj | containing nothing | AHD/W7 | |
| immoderate | adj | subject to extremes in behavior/expression | AHD/W7 | |
| immodest | adj | not modest | AHD/W7 | |
| medical | adj | re: physicians/practice of medicine | AHD/W7 | |
| medicate | vb.trans | to treat medicinally | AHD/W7 | |
| medicine | n | substance/preparation used to treat disease | AHD/W7 | |
| medico | n | physician, medical practitioner | AHD/W7 | |
| meditate | vb | to contemplate, reflect on/muse over | AHD/W7 | |
| meet | adj | proper, suitable | AHD/W7 | |
| mete | vb.trans | to measure, allot | AHD/W7 | |
| metheglin | n | mead, beverage made of fermented honey | AHD/W7 | |
| modal | adj | re: modality in logic/language | AHD/W7 | |
| mode | n | arrangement of 8 diatonic notes/tones of octave according to intervals | AHD/W7 | |
| mode | n | prevailing style/fashion of dress/behavior | AHD/W7 | |
| model | n | set of plans for building | AHD/W7 | |
| moderate | adj | avoiding extremes of behavior/expression, observing reasonable limits | AHD/W7 | |
| modern | adj | contemporary, re: present/immediate past | AHD/W7 | |
| modest | adj | re: moderate estimate of one's worth/abilities | AHD/W7 | |
| modicum | n | small portion | AHD/W7 | |
| modiolus | n | central bony core of cochlea | AHD | |
| modulate | vb | to tune to key/pitch | AHD/W7 | |
| module | n | unit/standard of measurement | AHD/W7 | |
| modulus | n | numerical constant/coefficient expressing degree to which property is present | AHD/W7 | |
| mold | n | type, distinctive nature/character | AHD/W7 | |
| mote | vb.aux | may | AHD/W7 | |
| moulage | n | (taking of) impression used as evidence in criminal investigation | AHD/W7 | |
| must | vb.aux | to be commanded/requested to | AHD/W7 | |
| mutchkin | n | Scotch unit of liquid measure | AHD/W7 | |
| remedy | n | medicine/application to cure/relieve disease/symptoms | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | muchekyn | n | mutchkin | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | meta | vb | to mete | ASD |
| mōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD | |
| Dutch: | mode | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
| moet | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | mōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD |
| Old Low German: | metan | vb | to mete | ASD |
| Old High German: | ge-māzer | adj | meet | ASD |
| mez(z)an | vb | to mete | ASD/W7 | |
| muozan | vb.mod.ptpr | must, have to, be allowed to | W7 | |
| German: | gemäss | prep | according to | TLL |
| messen | vb | to mete | ASD | |
| Mode | n.fem | mode: fashion | TLL | |
| muss | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
| müssen | vb.mod | must | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | mjǫtuðr | n.masc | dispenser of fate | LRC |
| Icelandic: | meta | vb | to mete | ASD |
| Danish: | mode | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
| Swedish: | mod | n | mode: fashion | TLL |
| måste | vb.mod.1/3.sg | (I/he) must | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gamōt | vb.mod | must, may, be allowed | ASD |
| mitan | vb | to mete | ASD | |
| mitōn | vb.wk.II | to think, consider | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | accommodo, accommodare | vb | to fit, adjust, accommodate | AHD/CLD |
| commoditas, commoditatis | n.fem | proportion, kindness, convenience | W7 | |
| commodum | n.neut | commodity, opportunity | W7 | |
| commodus | adj | friendly, convenient | W7 | |
| Diomedes | n.masc | Diomedes | W7 | |
| immoderatus | adj | immoderate, without measure | W7 | |
| immodestus | adj | vain, immodest, extravagant | W7 | |
| medeor, medēri | vb.dep | to heal | W7 | |
| medicina | n.fem | medicine | W7 | |
| medicinus | adj | of a physician | W7 | |
| medico, medicare, medicavi, medicatus | vb | to heal | W7 | |
| medicus | n.masc | physician | W7 | |
| meditor, meditāri, meditātus | vb.dep | to meditate | W7 | |
| moderō, moderāre, moderāvī, moderātus | vb | to moderate | W7 | |
| modestus | adj | modest, convenable | W7 | |
| modicus, modica, modicum | adj | moderate | W7 | |
| modo | adv | in this measure | W7 | |
| modulor, modulari, modulatus | vb.dep | to play, sing | W7 | |
| modulus | n.masc | small measure, rhythm | W7 | |
| modus, modi | n.masc | kind, manner; measure, musical mode | LRC | |
| remedium | n.neut | cure, remedy | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | modellus | n.masc | small measure | W7 |
| Late Latin: | medicalis | adj | of medicine | W7 |
| modernus | adj | of the present | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | commodiosus | adj | convenient | W7 |
| modalis | adj | modal | W7 | |
| New Latin: | modulus | n.masc | modulus | W7 |
| Spanish: | médico | n.masc | physician | W7 |
| Old French: | medicine | n.fem | medicine | W7 |
| modle | n.fem | mold | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | remedie | n.masc | remedy | W7 |
| Middle French: | commodieux | adj | commodious | W7 |
| commodité | n.fem | commodity | W7 | |
| modelle | n.masc | model, measure | W7 | |
| moulage | n.masc | moulage | W7 | |
| mouler | vb | to mold | W7 | |
| French: | commode | adj | convenient | W7 |
| médical | adj | medical | W7 | |
| mode | n.fem | fashion | W7 | |
| moulage | n.masc | decoration made by moulding | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | modello | n.masc | model, measure | W7 |
| Italian: | mèdico | n.masc | physician | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | Diomēdēs | prop.n.masc | Diomedes | W7 |
| Μῆδος | prop.n.masc | Mede | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | mad- | n | healer | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| aux | = | auxiliary |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| mod | = | modal |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |