Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. mei- 'to change, mutate, exchange'
Semantic Field(s): to Change, to Trade
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bimūtian | vb | to exchange for | W7 |
| gemǣne | adj | mean, common, general, universal | W7 | |
| Middle English: | azimut | n | azimuth | AHD |
| commun | adj | common | W7 | |
| communen | vb | to commune, administer Communion | W7 | |
| excommunicaten | vb | to excommunicate | W7 | |
| (i)mene | adj | mean, common, general, universal | W7 | |
| mewe | n | mew | W7 | |
| mouten | vb | to molt | W7 | |
| mutual | adj | mutual | W7 | |
| permuten | vb | to permute | W7 | |
| senith | n | zenith | AHD | |
| English: | azimuth | n | horizontal angle between object and reference point | AHD |
| common | adj | public, re: community at large | AHD/W7 | |
| commune | n | smallest administrative unit of country (esp. in Europe) | AHD/W7 | |
| commune | vb.intrans | to converse; receive Communion | AHD/W7 | |
| communicate | vb | to share | AHD/W7 | |
| communion | n | act/instance of sharing | W7 | |
| communism | n | political theory advocating private property elimination | AHD/W7 | |
| emigrate | vb.intrans | to leave abode/country for life/residence elsewhere | AHD/W7 | |
| excommunicate | vb.trans | to deprive of communication | AHD/W7 | |
| immune | adj | free, exempt | AHD/W7 | |
| incommunicado | adv | without means of communication | AHD/W7 | |
| mean | adj | humble, lacking eminence/distinction | AHD/W7 | |
| mew | n | coop, cage for hawks (esp. when molting) | AHD/W7 | |
| mew | vb | to molt, cast feathers | ODE | |
| mews | n.pl | stables built around open court | ODE | |
| mo(u)lt | vb | to shed outer layer periodically | AHD/W7 | |
| munificent | adj | generous, liberal in giving | AHD | |
| mutate | vb | to undergo change | AHD/W7 | |
| mutual | adj | given/received in equal amounts | AHD/W7 | |
| permute | vb.trans | to change order/arrangement of | AHD/W7 | |
| remuda | n | herd of horses available for day | AHD/W7 | |
| remunerate | vb.trans | to pay equivalent for | AHD/W7 | |
| transmute | vb | to convert, change/alter in form/nature/appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| zenith | n | point in sky directly above observer | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ge-mēne | adj | mean, common, mutual, general | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | gi-mēni | adj | mean, common, mutual, general | ASD |
| Old High German: | gi-meini, ga-meini | adj | mean, common, mutual, general | ASD/W7 |
| German: | gemein | adj | mean, cruel, common | LRC |
| mutieren | vb | to mutate | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | mein | n.neut | harm, hurt, pain, injury; plague, disease | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-mains | adj | mean, common, mutual, general | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | commūnia | adj.neut.pl | common things | W7 |
| commūnicō, commūnicāre, commūnicāvī, commūnicātus | vb | to impart, participate | W7 | |
| commūnis | adj | common | W7 | |
| ēmīgrō, ēmīgrāre, ēmīgrāvī, ēmīgrātus | vb | to emigrate | W7 | |
| immūnis | adj | free of obligations | W7 | |
| mīgro, mīgrāre | vb | to migrate | W7 | |
| mūnerō, mūnerāre | vb | to give | W7 | |
| mūnus, mūneris | n.neut | official charge, service, obligation | W7 | |
| mūto, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus | vb | to change | W7 | |
| mūtuus | adj | lent, borrowed, mutual | W7 | |
| permūto, permūtāre | vb | to exchange, interchange | W7 | |
| remūnerō, remūnerāre, remūnerāvī, remūnerātus | vb | to recompense | W7 | |
| sēmita | n.fem | footpath, narrow way | CLD | |
| Late Latin: | commūnicō, communicāre | vb | to commune, communicate | W7 |
| excommūnico, excommūnicāre, excommūnicāvī, excommūnicātus | vb | to excommunicate | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | cenith | n | zenith | AHD |
| commūnia | n.neut.pl | things owned in common | W7 | |
| Old Spanish: | zenit | n | zenith, way (of the head) | W7 |
| Spanish: | comunicar | vb | to communicate | W7 |
| incomunicado | adj | without means of communication | W7 | |
| incomunicar | vb | to deprive of communication | W7 | |
| muda | n | mew | ODE | |
| remuda | n.fem | exchange | W7 | |
| Old French: | azimut | n | azimuth | AHD |
| cenith | n | zenith | AHD | |
| commun | adj | common | W7 | |
| mue | n | mew | ODE | |
| muer | vb | to molt, change | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cenith | n | zenith | W7 |
| comugne | n.fem | commune, community | W7 | |
| comunier | vb | to converse, administer/receive Communion | W7 | |
| mue | n.fem | molting | W7 | |
| muer | vb | to molt, shed horns | W7 | |
| mutuel | adj | mutual | W7 | |
| permuter | vb | to permute | W7 | |
| French: | commun | adj | common | W7 |
| commune | n.fem | commune | W7 | |
| communisme | n.masc | communism | W7 | |
| Italian: | muda | n | mew | ODE |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | komunë | n.fem | commune, province | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |