Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. mei- 'to mure, repair, strengthen; pole'
Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make, Beam
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mǣran, māran | vb.wk | to declare, make known; fix/mark meres | ASD/OED |
| mǣre | n.neut | mere | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | me(a)ren | vb | to fix/mark meres | OED |
| mere | n | mere | W7 | |
| muren | vb | to mure | W7 | |
| English: | ammunition | n | projectiles fired from weapons | AHD/W7 |
| immure | vb.trans | to enclose within walls | AHD/W7 | |
| mere | n | border, landmark, boundary | AHD/W7 | |
| Mering | prop.n | Rohan/Gondor stream in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| mete | n | boundary | AHD/W7 | |
| munition | n | defense, rampart | AHD/W7 | |
| mural | adj | re: wall | AHD/W7 | |
| mural | n | mural painting | W7 | |
| mure | vb.trans | to immure | AHD/W7 | |
| praemunire | n | offense against English Crown | AHD/W7 | |
| premunition | n | advance provision of protection | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | muur | n | wall | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | mārian | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
| Old High German: | mārian | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
| mūra | n | wall | KDW | |
| German: | Mauer | n | wall | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | mæra | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
| mærr | n | mere, border land | ASD | |
| Danish: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
| Swedish: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | mērjan | vb | to proclaim, announce | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | meta | n.fem | pyramid used as turning post | W7 |
| moenia, moenium | n.neut | wall(s) | LRC | |
| munimentum, munimenti | n.neut | defense | LRC | |
| mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus | vb | to wall, fortify | W7 | |
| munitio, munitionis | n.fem | fortification | W7 | |
| muralis | adj | mural | W7 | |
| mūrus, mūrī | n.masc | (city) wall | LRC | |
| praemunio, praemunire, praemunivi, praemunitus | vb | to fortify in advance | W7 | |
| praemunitio, praemunitionis | n.fem | premunition | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | muro, murāre | vb | to mure | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | immurō, immurāre | vb | to immure | W7 |
| praemunio, praemunire | vb | to fortify | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | mete | n.masc | mete | W7 |
| Middle French: | amunition | n.fem | ammunition | W7 |
| munition | n.fem | munition | W7 | |
| murer | vb | to mure | W7 | |
| French: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | město | n.neut | place | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | mur | n | wall | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |