Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. mei- 'to mure, repair, strengthen; pole'
Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make, Beam
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mǣran, māran | vb.wk | to declare, make known; fix/mark meres | ASD/OED |
mǣre | n.neut | mere | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | me(a)ren | vb | to fix/mark meres | OED |
mere | n | mere | W7 | |
muren | vb | to mure | W7 | |
English: | ammunition | n | projectiles fired from weapons | AHD/W7 |
immure | vb.trans | to enclose within walls | AHD/W7 | |
mere | n | border, landmark, boundary | AHD/W7 | |
Mering | prop.n | Rohan/Gondor stream in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
mete | n | boundary | AHD/W7 | |
munition | n | defense, rampart | AHD/W7 | |
mural | adj | re: wall | AHD/W7 | |
mural | n | mural painting | W7 | |
mure | vb.trans | to immure | AHD/W7 | |
praemunire | n | offense against English Crown | AHD/W7 | |
premunition | n | advance provision of protection | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | muur | n | wall | TLL |
Old Saxon: | mārian | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
Old High German: | mārian | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
mūra | n | wall | KDW | |
German: | Mauer | n | wall | TLL |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | mæra | vb | to declare, make known | ASD |
mærr | n | mere, border land | ASD | |
Danish: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
Swedish: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | mērjan | vb | to proclaim, announce | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | meta | n.fem | pyramid used as turning post | W7 |
moenia, moenium | n.neut | wall(s) | LRC | |
munimentum, munimenti | n.neut | defense | LRC | |
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus | vb | to wall, fortify | W7 | |
munitio, munitionis | n.fem | fortification | W7 | |
muralis | adj | mural | W7 | |
mūrus, mūrī | n.masc | (city) wall | LRC | |
praemunio, praemunire, praemunivi, praemunitus | vb | to fortify in advance | W7 | |
praemunitio, praemunitionis | n.fem | premunition | W7 | |
Late Latin: | muro, murāre | vb | to mure | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | immurō, immurāre | vb | to immure | W7 |
praemunio, praemunire | vb | to fortify | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | mete | n.masc | mete | W7 |
Middle French: | amunition | n.fem | ammunition | W7 |
munition | n.fem | munition | W7 | |
murer | vb | to mure | W7 | |
French: | mur | n | wall | TLL |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | město | n.neut | place | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | mur | n | wall | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |