Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mei-k̑-, and mei-g̑-? 'to mix, mash, stir'
Semantic Field(s): to Mix, Blend, to Press
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | māx- | pfx | mash- | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | admixt | vb.ptc | admixed | W7 |
| comixt | vb.ptc | commixed | W7 | |
| immixte | vb.ptc | immixed | W7 | |
| mash | n | mash | W7 | |
| medle | n | medley | W7 | |
| medlen | vb | to meddle | W7 | |
| mixen | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| pelemele | adv | pell-mell | W7 | |
| English: | admix | vb.trans | to blend, mingle | AHD/W7 |
| amphimixis | n | germ cell union in sexual reproduction | AHD/W7 | |
| apomixis | n | reproduction involving specialized generative tissues | AHD/W7 | |
| commix | vb | to mix, blend | AHD/W7 | |
| immix | vb.trans | to commingle, mix intimately | AHD/W7 | |
| mash | n | crushed malt/grain meal steeped/stirred in hot water | AHD/W7 | |
| mash | vb | to pulp, crush, squash | IEW | |
| meddle | vb | to mix, mingle | AHD/W7 | |
| medley | n | melee | AHD/W7 | |
| melange | n | mixture of incongruous elements | AHD/W7 | |
| melee | n | confused struggle | AHD/W7 | |
| mesclun | n | potpourri of small young salad leaves | AHD | |
| mestizo | n | person of mixed blood | AHD/W7 | |
| miscellaneous | adj | mixed, heterogeneous, consisting of diverse things/members | AHD/W7 | |
| miscible | adj | capable of being mixed | AHD/W7 | |
| mix | vb | to blend/combine into one mass | AHD/W7 | |
| mixture | n | act/process/result of mixing | AHD/W7 | |
| mustang | n | small hardy naturalized horse, lit. mixed animal | AHD/W7 | |
| panmixia | n | random mating within breeding population | AHD | |
| pell-mell | adv | in mingled confusion/disorder | AHD/W7 | |
| promiscuous | adj | consisting of heterogeneous mixture | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle High German: | meisch | n | mash | W7 |
| German: | Maische | n.fem | mash | LRC |
| mischen | vb | to mix | LRC | |
| Mischung | n.fem | mixture | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | admixtus | vb.ptc | mixed in | W7 |
| commisceo, commiscēre, commiscui, commixtus | vb | to commix | W7 | |
| immisceo, immiscēre, immiscui, immixtus | vb | to immix | W7 | |
| miscellaneus | adj | miscellaneous | W7 | |
| miscellus | adj | mixed | W7 | |
| misceo, miscēre, miscui, mixtus | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| mixtura | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
| promiscue | adv | promiscuously | LRC | |
| promiscuus | adj | promiscuous | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | misculo, misculare | vb | to meddle | W7 |
| Late Latin: | mixticius | adj | mixed | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | mixta | vb.ptc | mixed | W7 |
| New Latin: | amphimixis | n.fem | blending | W7 |
| apomixis | n.fem | apomixis | W7 | |
| miscibilis | adj | miscible | W7 | |
| Spanish: | mesta | n.fem | annual cattle roundup | W7 |
| mestengo | adj | stray horse | W7 | |
| mesteño | adj | strayed | W7 | |
| mestizo | adj.masc | mixed, re: person born to Spaniard and native Latin American | W7 | |
| Mexican Spanish: | mestengo | n.masc | mustang, untamed horse | W7 |
| Old French: | medler | vb | to mix | W7 |
| meslee | n.fem | melee, battle | W7 | |
| mesler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| misture | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
| Middle French: | medlé | vb.ptc | mixed | W7 |
| medlee | n.fem | a mix | W7 | |
| medler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| mélange | n.masc | melange | W7 | |
| mesler, mêler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
| mixte | adj | mixed | W7 | |
| mixture | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
| French: | mélange | n.masc | melange | W7 |
| mêlée | n.fem | melee, turmoil (esp. re: battle) | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀμειξία | n.fem | lack of intercourse | LRC |
| μίγνῡμι | vb | to mix, mingle | LRC | |
| mixis | n.fem | act of mixing | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |