Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mei-k̑-, and mei-g̑-? 'to mix, mash, stir'
Semantic Field(s): to Mix, Blend, to Press
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | māx- | pfx | mash- | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | admixt | vb.ptc | admixed | W7 |
comixt | vb.ptc | commixed | W7 | |
immixte | vb.ptc | immixed | W7 | |
mash | n | mash | W7 | |
medle | n | medley | W7 | |
medlen | vb | to meddle | W7 | |
mixen | vb | to mix | W7 | |
pelemele | adv | pell-mell | W7 | |
English: | admix | vb.trans | to blend, mingle | AHD/W7 |
amphimixis | n | germ cell union in sexual reproduction | AHD/W7 | |
apomixis | n | reproduction involving specialized generative tissues | AHD/W7 | |
commix | vb | to mix, blend | AHD/W7 | |
immix | vb.trans | to commingle, mix intimately | AHD/W7 | |
mash | n | crushed malt/grain meal steeped/stirred in hot water | AHD/W7 | |
mash | vb | to pulp, crush, squash | IEW | |
meddle | vb | to mix, mingle | AHD/W7 | |
medley | n | melee | AHD/W7 | |
melange | n | mixture of incongruous elements | AHD/W7 | |
melee | n | confused struggle | AHD/W7 | |
mesclun | n | potpourri of small young salad leaves | AHD | |
mestizo | n | person of mixed blood | AHD/W7 | |
miscellaneous | adj | mixed, heterogeneous, consisting of diverse things/members | AHD/W7 | |
miscible | adj | capable of being mixed | AHD/W7 | |
mix | vb | to blend/combine into one mass | AHD/W7 | |
mixture | n | act/process/result of mixing | AHD/W7 | |
mustang | n | small hardy naturalized horse, lit. mixed animal | AHD/W7 | |
panmixia | n | random mating within breeding population | AHD | |
pell-mell | adv | in mingled confusion/disorder | AHD/W7 | |
promiscuous | adj | consisting of heterogeneous mixture | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle High German: | meisch | n | mash | W7 |
German: | Maische | n.fem | mash | LRC |
mischen | vb | to mix | LRC | |
Mischung | n.fem | mixture | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | admixtus | vb.ptc | mixed in | W7 |
commisceo, commiscēre, commiscui, commixtus | vb | to commix | W7 | |
immisceo, immiscēre, immiscui, immixtus | vb | to immix | W7 | |
miscellaneus | adj | miscellaneous | W7 | |
miscellus | adj | mixed | W7 | |
misceo, miscēre, miscui, mixtus | vb | to mix | W7 | |
mixtura | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
promiscue | adv | promiscuously | LRC | |
promiscuus | adj | promiscuous | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | misculo, misculare | vb | to meddle | W7 |
Late Latin: | mixticius | adj | mixed | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | mixta | vb.ptc | mixed | W7 |
New Latin: | amphimixis | n.fem | blending | W7 |
apomixis | n.fem | apomixis | W7 | |
miscibilis | adj | miscible | W7 | |
Spanish: | mesta | n.fem | annual cattle roundup | W7 |
mestengo | adj | stray horse | W7 | |
mesteño | adj | strayed | W7 | |
mestizo | adj.masc | mixed, re: person born to Spaniard and native Latin American | W7 | |
Mexican Spanish: | mestengo | n.masc | mustang, untamed horse | W7 |
Old French: | medler | vb | to mix | W7 |
meslee | n.fem | melee, battle | W7 | |
mesler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
misture | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
Middle French: | medlé | vb.ptc | mixed | W7 |
medlee | n.fem | a mix | W7 | |
medler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
mélange | n.masc | melange | W7 | |
mesler, mêler | vb | to mix | W7 | |
mixte | adj | mixed | W7 | |
mixture | n.fem | mixture | W7 | |
French: | mélange | n.masc | melange | W7 |
mêlée | n.fem | melee, turmoil (esp. re: battle) | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀμειξία | n.fem | lack of intercourse | LRC |
μίγνῡμι | vb | to mix, mingle | LRC | |
mixis | n.fem | act of mixing | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pfx | = | prefix |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |