Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. mel- 'to deceive'
Semantic Field(s): Lie, Falsehood, Deceit
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | blamen | vb | to blame | W7 |
| blasfemen | vb | to blaspheme | W7 | |
| dismal | adj | dismal | W7 | |
| dismal | n | lit. evil days (marked unlucky on medieval calendars) | W7 | |
| mal- | pfx | mal- | W7 | |
| maladicte | adj | maledict | AHD | |
| malice | n | malice | W7 | |
| English: | blame | vb.trans | to censure, find fault with | AHD/W7 |
| blaspheme | vb | to speak of/address with irreverence | AHD/W7 | |
| dismal | adj | dreadful, disastrous | AHD/W7 | |
| mal- | pfx | bad; badly | AHD | |
| maledict | adj.arch | accursed | AHD/W7 | |
| malefactor | n | one who commits legal offense | AHD/W7 | |
| malefic | adj | baleful, having malignant influence | AHD/W7 | |
| malentendu | n | misunderstanding | AHD/W7 | |
| malevolence | n | spite, hatred, vicious malice | AHD/W7 | |
| malevolent | adj | re: malevolence | W7 | |
| malfeasance | n | wrongful conduct | AHD | |
| malice | n | ill will | AHD/W7 | |
| markhor | n | large wild Himalayan goat | AHD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | male | adv | badly | W7 |
| maledictus | adj/vb.ptc | maledict | AHD | |
| maleficus | adj | wicked, mischievous, malefic | W7 | |
| malitia | n.fem | malice, wickedness | W7 | |
| malus | adj | bad, mean | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | blasphemo, blasphemāre | vb | to blaspheme | W7 |
| Old French: | blamer | vb | to blame | W7 |
| mal- | pfx | mal- | W7 | |
| mal | adj/adv | bad; badly | W7 | |
| malice | n.fem | malice, evil | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | dismal | n.masc | evil/unlucky day (on medieval calendar) | W7 |
| Middle French: | mal- | pfx | mal- | W7 |
| French: | malentendu | n.masc | malentendu | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | mẽlas | n.masc | falsehood | LRC |
| Latvian: | muldēt, muldu, muldēju | vb | to babble, rave | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | blasphēmein | vb | to blame | W7 |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | mār | n | snake | AHD |
| mārkhōr | n | markhor, lit. snake-eater | AHD | |
| Avestan: | mairya- | adj | treacherous | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |