Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. men- 'to rise, mount, tower'
Semantic Field(s): to Rise, Tower
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | munt | n.masc | mount | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | amounten | vb | to amount | W7 |
| demenen | vb | to demean | W7 | |
| eminent | adj | eminent | W7 | |
| menable | adj | amenable | AHD | |
| menace | n | menace | W7 | |
| mount | n | mount | W7 | |
| mountain | n | mountain | W7 | |
| mounten | vb | to mount | W7 | |
| English: | amenable | adj | answerable, liable to be held to account | AHD/W7 |
| amount | n | aggregate, total number/quantity | W7 | |
| amount | vb.intrans | to add up | AHD/W7 | |
| demean | vb.trans | to behave/conduct oneself in proper manner | AHD/W7 | |
| eminent | adj | conspicuous, standing out as readily noted/perceived | AHD/W7 | |
| Fire-mountain | prop.n | Orodruin, a.k.a. Mount Doom in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| imminent | adj | ready to take place | AHD/W7 | |
| menace | n | threat, intention to inflict harm | AHD/W7 | |
| menace | vb | to threaten, show intention to harm | W7 | |
| minacious | adj | menacing, threatening | AHD | |
| minatorial | adj | minacious | AHD | |
| minatory | adj | minacious | AHD | |
| mons | n | protuberance of human body | AHD | |
| montane | adj | re: mountain areas | AHD | |
| monte | n | card game | AHD/W7 | |
| monticule | n | little mount | AHD/W7 | |
| mount | n | mountain, high hill | AHD/W7 | |
| mount | vb | to increase in extent/amount | AHD/W7 | |
| mountain | n | land mass higher than hill projecting conspicuously above surroundings | AHD/W7 | |
| paramount | adj | of chief concern/importance | AHD | |
| promenade | n | leisurely walk/ride in public place for display/pleasure | AHD/W7 | |
| prominent | adj | protuberant, projecting/standing out from line/surface | AHD/W7 | |
| promontory | n | headland, high point of rock/land projecting into water | AHD/W7 | |
| ultramontane | adj | re: peoples/countries beyond mountains | AHD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | moena | vb | to mount, project | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | emineo, eminēre | vb | to stand out | W7 |
| immineo, imminēre | vb | to project, menace imminently | W7 | |
| minacia | n.fem | menace | W7 | |
| minaciter | adv | threateningly | LRC | |
| minax, minacis | adj | minacious | W7 | |
| mineo, minēre | vb | to menace | W7 | |
| mino, mināre | vb | to menace, drive away | W7 | |
| minor, mināri | vb.dep | to menace | ELD/W7 | |
| mons, montis | n.masc | mountain | LRC | |
| montanus | adj | re: mountain | W7 | |
| prominens, prominentis | adj | important, standing out | W7 | |
| promineo, prominēre | vb | to jut forth/forward | W7 | |
| promino, promināre | vb | to drive forward | W7 | |
| promonturium, promunturium | n.neut | promontory | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | montaneus | adj | re: mountain | W7 |
| monto, montāre | vb | to climb up | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | monticulus | n.masc.dim | monticule, small heap | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | ultramontanus | adj | ultramontane | W7 |
| Spanish: | monte | n.masc | mountain | W7 |
| Old French: | amener | vb | to lead to | W7 |
| amont | adv | upward | AHD | |
| amont | n.masc | upper waters | W7 | |
| amonter | vb | to amount | W7 | |
| demener | vb | to conduct | W7 | |
| menable | adj | amenable | AHD | |
| mener | vb | to drive, lead | W7 | |
| mont | n.masc | mountain | W7 | |
| montaigne | n.fem | mountain | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | amenable | adj | amenable, nice | W7 |
| Middle French: | amener | vb | to lead up | W7 |
| eminent | adj | eminent | W7 | |
| menace | n.fem | threat | W7 | |
| monter | vb | to climb up | W7 | |
| French: | mener | vb | to lead | W7 |
| monticule | n.masc | very small hill | W7 | |
| promenade | n.fem | promenade, tour | W7 | |
| promener | vb | to take for a walk | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
