Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. men- 'to think; mind, spiritual activity'
Semantic Field(s): to Think, Reflect, Mind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | domoiniur | vb | to think, believe | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gemynd | n | mind, memory | W7 |
| gemyndig, gemindig | adj | mindful | ASD | |
| mani(ge)an, manode, manod | vb.wk.II | to warn, exhort, (ad)monish | ASD | |
| myne | n.masc | mind | ASD | |
| Middle English: | admonesten | vb | to admonish | W7 |
| comment | n | comment | W7 | |
| -mancie | n.sfx | -mancy | W7 | |
| mania | n | mania | W7 | |
| memento | n | memento | W7 | |
| mencioun | n | mention | W7 | |
| mind | n | mind | W7 | |
| mones(t)en | vb | to monish | W7 | |
| monicioun | n | monition | W7 | |
| monument | n | monument | W7 | |
| musik | n | music | W7 | |
| musycke | n | mosaic | W7 | |
| somonen | vb | to summon | W7 | |
| English: | admonish | vb.trans | to indicate duties/obligations to | AHD/W7 |
| ament | n | indeterminate spicate inflorescence | AHD/W7 | |
| amentia | n | insufficient mental development | AHD | |
| amnesia | n | loss of memory due to shock/fatigue/illness/injury/repression | AHD/W7 | |
| amnesty | n | grant of pardon to group of individuals | AHD/W7 | |
| anamnesis | n | reminiscence, recalling to mind | AHD/W7 | |
| automatic | adj | largely/wholly involuntary | AHD/W7 | |
| balletomane | n | ballet devotee | AHD/W7 | |
| comment | n | explanatory treatise/record of events | AHD/W7 | |
| dement | vb | to make insane, destroy mind | AHD/CDC | |
| Eumenides | prop.n.pl | female chthonic deities of vengeance (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| Evermind | prop.n | Rohan (grave) flower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| maenad | n | bacchante, woman participating in orgiastic Dionysian rites | AHD/W7 | |
| -mancer | n.sfx | diviner | LRC | |
| -mancy | n.sfx | divination | AHD/W7 | |
| mandarin | n | high public official in Chinese Empire | AHD | |
| mania | n | excitement shown by mental/physical hyperactivity | AHD/W7 | |
| maniac | adj/n | (re:) madman/lunatic | AHD/W7 | |
| manic | adj | re: mania | AHD | |
| mantic | adj | prophetic, re: faculty of divination | AHD/W7 | |
| mantis | n | predatory insect | AHD/W7 | |
| mantra | n | mystical formula of invocation/incantation (Hinduism and Buddhism) | AHD/W7 | |
| memento | n | something serving to warn/remind | AHD/W7 | |
| mental | adj | re: mind | AHD/W7 | |
| mention | n | act/instance of citing/calling attention in casual/incidental manner | AHD/W7 | |
| Mentor | prop.n | Odysseus' trusted friend/adviser | AHD | |
| mentor | n | wise/trusted teacher/counselor | AHD | |
| mind | n | memory, recollection | AHD/W7 | |
| minikin | n | small/dainty creature | AHD/W7 | |
| minnesinger | n | German lyric poet/musician of 12th-14th centuries | AHD/W7 | |
| mnemonic | adj | re: assisting memory | AHD/W7 | |
| Mnemosyne | prop.n | personification of memory, Titan daughter of Gaia/Uranus (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| monish | vb.trans | to admonish | AHD/W7 | |
| monition | n | caution, warning | AHD/W7 | |
| monitor | n | student appointed to assist teacher | AHD/W7 | |
| monument | n | sepulcher, burial vault | AHD/W7 | |
| mosaic | n | surface decoration made with pieces of material forming picture/pattern | AHD/W7 | |
| Muse | prop.n | a goddess of art/science/music/poetry (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
| museum | n | institution for procuring/displaying interesting objects of value | AHD/W7 | |
| music | n | art/science of composing intelligible combinations of tones | AHD/W7 | |
| Necromancer | prop.n | Sauron in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| necromancy | n | conjuration of/divination re: dead spirits | AHD/W7 | |
| premonition | n | forewarning, previous warning/notice | AHD/W7 | |
| reminisce | vb | to remember, indulge in reminiscence | W7 | |
| reminiscent | adj | re: reminiscence, recalling to mind | AHD/W7 | |
| rhabdomancy | n | divination by rods/wands | AHD/W7 | |
| Simbelmynë | prop.n | a.k.a. Evermind in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| summon | vb.trans | to convoke, issue call to convene | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | monia | vb | to claim; monish | ASD |
| Dutch: | minneken | n | darling, minikin | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | manōn | vb | to warn, suggest, monish | ASD |
| Old High German: | gimunt | n.fem | mind, memory | ASD/W7 |
| manōn, manēn | vb | to warn, suggest, monish | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | minnesinger | n.masc | minnesinger, courtly love singer | W7 |
| German: | mahnen | vb | to monish | LRC |
| Minnesinger | n.masc | minnesinger | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | minni | n | memory | KNW |
| muna | vb | to remember | LRC | |
| munu | vb | to will, be about to | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | munr | n | mind; longing; love | ASD |
| Swedish: | minne | n | memory | SAO |
| minnesvård | n | monument | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gamunds | n.fem | memory, remembrance | ASD |
| munan | vb | to think | LRC | |
| muns | n | purpose, device, readiness | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | admoneo, admonēre | vb | to warn, admonish | W7 |
| āmens, āmentis | adj | mad, insane, senseless | AHD/CLD | |
| āmentia | n | folly, madness, senselessness, amentia | AHD | |
| amnestia | n | amnesty | AHD | |
| commentum | n.neut | invention | W7 | |
| comminiscor, comminiscī, commentus | vb.dep | to invent, imagine | W7 | |
| Eumenides | prop.n.fem.pl | Eumenides | W7 | |
| maenas, maenadis | n.fem | maenad | W7 | |
| -mantia | sfx | divination | W7 | |
| memini, meminisse | vb | to remember | W7 | |
| mens, mentis | n.fem | mind | LRC | |
| mentio, mentionis | n.fem | a mention, act of mentioning | W7 | |
| mentior, mentīri | vb.dep | to lie, mislead, deceive | LRC | |
| Mentōr | prop.n.masc | Mentor | AHD/ELD | |
| -minisci | sfx | remembering | W7 | |
| Mnemosyne | prop.n.fem | Mnemosyne, personification of Memory | W7 | |
| moneo, monēre, monuī, monitus | vb | to warn, monish | W7 | |
| monitio, monitionis | n.fem | act of warning | W7 | |
| monitor | n.masc | one who warns | W7 | |
| monumentum | n.neut | memorial | W7 | |
| Musa | prop.n.fem | Muse | W7 | |
| Museum | n.neut | place for learned occupation | W7 | |
| musica | n.fem | music | W7 | |
| praemoneo, praemonēre, praemonuī, praemonitus | vb | to warn in advance | W7 | |
| reminiscor, reminisci | vb.dep | to reminisce | W7 | |
| summoneo, summonēre | vb | to remind secretly | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | admonesto, admonestare | vb | to admonish | W7 |
| monesto, monestare | vb | to warn, monish | W7 | |
| summoneo, summonere | vb | to summon | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | mania | n.fem | folly | W7 |
| maniacus | adj | crazy | W7 | |
| mentalis | adj | re: mind | W7 | |
| musivus | adj | artistic, re: muse | W7 | |
| praemonitio, praemonitionis | n.fem | warning, premonition | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | musaicum | n.neut | mosaic | W7 |
| New Latin: | amentum | adj.neut | mad | W7 |
| amnesia | n.fem | amnesia | W7 | |
| anamnesis | n.fem | remembrance | W7 | |
| mantis | n.fem | preying insect | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | mandarim | n | mandarin | W7 |
| Old French: | -mancie | afx | divination | W7 |
| mention | n.fem | a mention | W7 | |
| monester | vb | to warn, monish | W7 | |
| musique | n.fem | music | W7 | |
| somondre | vb | to summon | W7 | |
| Middle French: | admonester | vb | to admonish | W7 |
| monition | n.fem | warning | W7 | |
| mosaique | n.fem | mosaic | W7 | |
| premonition | n.fem | premonition | W7 | |
| French: | mensonge | n | lie, deceit, prevarication | TLL |
| Mentor | prop.n | Mentor | AHD | |
| mentor | n | mentor | AHD | |
| Old Italian: | mosaico | n.masc | mosaic | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | manýti, mãno, mãnė | vb | to think | LRC |
| minėti, mìni, minėjo | vb | to remember | LRC | |
| mintìs | n.fem | thought | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | mьněti, mьnjǫ, mьniši | vb | to think, believe | LRC |
| pamętь | n.fem | memory | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | mund | vb.mod | can, may | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | Μέντωρ | prop.n | Mentor, lit. adviser | ELD |
| Greek: | amnēs(t)ia | n.fem | amnesia, forgetfulness | W7 |
| amnēstos | adj | forgotten | W7 | |
| anamimnēskesthai | vb | to remember | W7 | |
| anamnēsis | n.fem | remembrance | W7 | |
| αὐτόματος | adj | by itself, self-acting | LRC | |
| δυσμένεια | n.fem | hate, enmity | LRC | |
| mainas, mainados | n.fem | maenad | W7 | |
| mainomai | vb | to be mad | W7 | |
| mania | n.fem | craziness | W7 | |
| manikos | adj | crazy | W7 | |
| -manteia | sfx | divination | W7 | |
| manteia | n.fem | divination | W7 | |
| mantikos | adj | of divination | W7 | |
| mantis | n.masc | prophet, diviner | W7 | |
| -matos | sfx | moving | W7 | |
| menos | n.neut | spirit | W7 | |
| μῆνις | n.fem | anger | LRC | |
| mimnēskomai | vb | to remember | W7 | |
| mnaomai | vb | to remember | W7 | |
| μνημεῖον | n.neut | tomb | LRC | |
| mnēmonikos | adj | of memory | W7 | |
| Mnēmosynē | prop.n.fem | Mnemosyne | W7 | |
| mnēmōn | adj | mindful | W7 | |
| Mousa | prop.n.fem | Muse | W7 | |
| Mouseion | prop.n.neut | the Museum | W7 | |
| Mouseios | prop.n.masc | Mousaios | W7 | |
| mousikē | n.fem | any art presided over by the Muses | W7 | |
| mousikos | adj | re: Muses | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | me-mai | vb | to speak | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | imanam | vb | to learn, understand | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | manyeite | vb | to think | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | mánas | n | mind | LRC |
| mantra | n | mantra, sacred counsel | W7 | |
| mantrin | n | counsellor | W7 | |
| má(n)yate | vb | to think | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| mod | = | modal |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
