Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: mō-, mo-lo- 'to strain, trouble oneself'
Semantic Field(s): to Work, Toil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | molesten | vb | to molest | W7 |
| English: | demolish | vb.trans | to raze, tear down | AHD/W7 |
| mole | n | abnormal mass in uterus | AHD/W7 | |
| molecule | n | smallest chemical part of element/compound | AHD/W7 | |
| molest | vb.trans | to annoy, disturb | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | demolior, demolīri | vb | to demolish (a building) | W7 |
| moles | n.fem | mass, exertion | W7 | |
| molesto, molestāre | vb | to molest, annoy | W7 | |
| molestus | adj | burdensome, annoying | W7 | |
| molior, molīri | vb.dep | to construct | W7 | |
| New Latin: | molecula | n.fem | molecule | W7 |
| Middle French: | molester | vb | to molest, annoy | W7 |
| French: | démolir, demoliss- | vb | to demolish (a building) | W7 |
| môle | n.masc | mole | W7 | |
| molécule | n.fem | molecule | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
