Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. mū-, mus- 'fly, gnat, midge, muscid, mosquito'
Semantic Field(s): Fly (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mycg(e), mygg | n.fem/masc | midge, mosquito | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | migge | n | midge | W7 |
English: | midge | n | tiny 2-winged fly | AHD/W7 |
Midgewater | prop.n | marshes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
mosquito | n | 2-winged fly with female adapted to puncture skin/suck blood | AHD/W7 | |
Mugwort | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
muscarine | n | quaternary ammonium base chemically related to choline | AHD/W7 | |
muscid | adj/n | (re:) housefly | AHD | |
mush | vb.intrans | to hike/travel over snow with dog sled | AHD/W7 | |
musket | n | large heavy shoulder firearm | AHD/W7 | |
myiasis | n | fly maggot infestation | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | mug | n | gnat, midge | TLL |
Old Low German: | muggia | n.fem | midge | ASD |
Old High German: | mucka, mucca, mugga | n.fem | midge | ASD/W7 |
German: | Mücke | n.fem | midge | ASD |
Muskarin | n | muscarine | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | mý | n | gnat, midge | KNW |
Icelandic: | myg | n.neut | midge | ASD |
Danish: | myg | n | midge | ASD |
Swedish: | mygg(a) | n | gnat, midge | ASD/TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | musca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
New Latin: | muscaria | n.fem | specific epithet of fly agaric | W7 |
myiasis | n.fem | fly maggot infestation | W7 | |
Spanish: | mosca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
mosquito | n.masc | mosquito | W7 | |
Middle French: | mousquet | n.masc | musket | W7 |
French: | mouche | n.fem | fly | W7 |
American French: | moucher | vb | to blow one's nose | W7 |
Old Italian: | mosca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
moschetto | n.masc | arrow for crossbow; musket | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | myia | n.fem | fly | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |