Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. mū-, mus- 'fly, gnat, midge, muscid, mosquito'
Semantic Field(s): Fly (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mycg(e), mygg | n.fem/masc | midge, mosquito | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | migge | n | midge | W7 |
| English: | midge | n | tiny 2-winged fly | AHD/W7 |
| Midgewater | prop.n | marshes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| mosquito | n | 2-winged fly with female adapted to puncture skin/suck blood | AHD/W7 | |
| Mugwort | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| muscarine | n | quaternary ammonium base chemically related to choline | AHD/W7 | |
| muscid | adj/n | (re:) housefly | AHD | |
| mush | vb.intrans | to hike/travel over snow with dog sled | AHD/W7 | |
| musket | n | large heavy shoulder firearm | AHD/W7 | |
| myiasis | n | fly maggot infestation | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | mug | n | gnat, midge | TLL |
| Old Low German: | muggia | n.fem | midge | ASD |
| Old High German: | mucka, mucca, mugga | n.fem | midge | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Mücke | n.fem | midge | ASD |
| Muskarin | n | muscarine | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | mý | n | gnat, midge | KNW |
| Icelandic: | myg | n.neut | midge | ASD |
| Danish: | myg | n | midge | ASD |
| Swedish: | mygg(a) | n | gnat, midge | ASD/TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | musca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
| New Latin: | muscaria | n.fem | specific epithet of fly agaric | W7 |
| myiasis | n.fem | fly maggot infestation | W7 | |
| Spanish: | mosca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
| mosquito | n.masc | mosquito | W7 | |
| Middle French: | mousquet | n.masc | musket | W7 |
| French: | mouche | n.fem | fly | W7 |
| American French: | moucher | vb | to blow one's nose | W7 |
| Old Italian: | mosca | n.fem | fly | W7 |
| moschetto | n.masc | arrow for crossbow; musket | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | myia | n.fem | fly | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |