Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. mū̆- '(onomatopoeic: to moo, hum, etc.)'
Semantic Field(s): Sound (n), Various Cries
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | mǣw, meāu, mēu | n.masc | mew | ASD/IEW |
Middle English: | mew | n | mew | W7 |
mistik | adj | mystic | W7 | |
mommen | vb | to mum | W7 | |
muet | adj | mute | W7 | |
muten | vb | to mute | W7 | |
mysterie | n | mystery | W7 | |
English: | mew | n | gull (sea bird) | W7 |
miosis, myosis | n | constriction of (eye's) pupil | AHD | |
moo | vb | to low, make cow-like noise | W7 | |
mop(e) | n.obs | mug; fool | IEW/W7 | |
mope | vb.arch | to gape, stare; act dazed/stupid | IEW/W7 | |
mum | n | strong ale/beer | AHD/W7 | |
mum | vb.trans | to act/play in mask/disguise | AHD/W7 | |
mumble | vb | to mutter, murmur, speak softly | IEW | |
mump | vb | to mumble | IEW | |
mute | adj | dumb, unable to speak | AHD/W7 | |
mute | vb.intrans | to void | AHD/W7 | |
mutter | vb | to mumble, murmur | IEW | |
mystery | n | religious truth known by revelation alone | AHD/W7 | |
mystic | adj | mystical, having spiritual meaning/reality neither sensible nor obvious | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | mēwe | n | mew | ODE |
Dutch: | meeuw | n | mew | ODE |
Old Saxon: | mēu | n | mew | ODE |
Middle Low German: | mēwe | n | mew | ODE |
Old High German: | māwen | vb | to cry out | W7 |
mēh | n | mew | ODE | |
German: | Möwe | n | mew | ASD |
Mumme | n | mum | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | Már | prop.n.masc | Mar, Corpse (a dwarf) | LRC |
mási | n | mew | SAO | |
má(va)r | n.masc | mew | ICE/W7 | |
Icelandic: | már | n | mew | ASD |
Danish: | maage | n | mew | ASD |
Swedish: | mås | n | mew | SAO |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | mutus | adj | mute | W7 |
mysterium | n.neut | secret ceremony re: deity | W7 | |
mysticus | adj | re: mystery | W7 | |
Middle French: | meutir | vb | to silence | W7 |
momer | vb | to go masked | W7 | |
muet | n.masc | mute | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | μυστήριον | n.neut | mystery | LRC |
mystērion | n.neut | secret ceremony re: deity | W7 | |
mystikos | adj | re: mystery | W7 | |
mystos | adj | keeping silent | W7 | |
mytēs | adj | mute | W7 | |
myw | vb | to be closed | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
arch | = | archaic |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
obs | = | obsolete |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |