Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. nem- 'to nim, take, give, count, apportion'
Semantic Field(s): to Take, to Give, Account, Reckoning
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | nem | n | gift | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | beniman, biniman | vb | to deprive | ASD/W7 |
(ge)niman, (ge)nam, (ge)nāmon, (ge)numen | vb.str.IV | to take, seize | LRC | |
numol | adj | holding much | W7 | |
Middle English: | astronomie, astronemie | n | astronomy | CDC/W7 |
benimen | vb | to deprive | W7 | |
benomen | vb | to benumb | W7 | |
innumerable | adj | innumerable | W7 | |
nimel | adj | nimble | W7 | |
nimen | vb | to take | W7 | |
nombre | n | number | W7 | |
nomen | adj | numb | W7 | |
-nomie | n.sfx | -nomy | W7 | |
English: | anomie | n | situation in which norms of belief/conduct are weak/lacking | AHD/W7 |
antinomian | adj/n | (re:) adherent of antinomianism | AHD | |
antinomianism | n | belief that Gospel frees Christians from law | AHD | |
antinomy | n | contradiction between equally valid principles/inferences | AHD/W7 | |
astronomer | n | one who studies stars/planets/galaxies | AHD | |
astronomy | n | science of celestial bodies | AHD/W7 | |
autonomous | adj | independent | AHD/W7 | |
benumb | vb.trans | to deaden, make inactive/insensitive | AHD/W7 | |
Deuteronomy | prop.n | fifth book of Pentateuch: 2nd statement of law | AHD/CDC | |
economic | adj | re: economy, household (management) | W7 | |
economy | n | management of household/private affairs (esp. expenses) | AHD/W7 | |
enumerate | vb.trans | to count, ascertain number of | AHD/W7 | |
innumerable | adj | countless, too many to be counted | AHD/W7 | |
metronome | n | instrument for marking time via repeated ticks | AHD/W7 | |
Nemesis | prop.n | goddess of retributive justice (Greek/Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
nemesis | n | one that inflicts vengeance/retribution | AHD/W7 | |
nim | vb | to filch, steal | AHD/W7 | |
nimble | adj | lively, re: quick light movement | AHD/W7 | |
noma | n | spreading gangrene in lining of lips/cheeks | AHD/W7 | |
nomad | n | wanderer, one with no fixed residence | AHD/W7 | |
nomadic | adj | roaming, wandering, re: nomad | W7 | |
nome | n | province (ancient Egypt) | AHD/W7 | |
nomograph | n | graph with three coplanar curves | AHD | |
nomology | n | study/discovery of general physical/logical laws | AHD | |
nomothetic | adj | legislative, re: lawmaking | AHD | |
-nomy | n.sfx | laws/knowledge re: (specified) field | AHD/W7 | |
numb | adj | devoid of sensation | AHD/W7 | |
number | n | total, sum/count of units | AHD/W7 | |
numeral | adj | re: number(s) | AHD/W7 | |
numismatic | adj | re: study/collection of coins/tokens/etc. | AHD/W7 | |
nummular | adj | oval/circular in shape (like coin) | AHD/W7 | |
nummulite | n | fossil foraminifer resembling coin | AHD | |
supernumerary | adj | exceeding stated/prescribed number | AHD/W7 | |
taphonomy | n | study of fossilization | AHD/CDC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | nima, nema | vb | to take | ASD |
Dutch: | nemen | vb | to take | LRC |
Old Saxon: | niman | vb | to take | ASD |
Old High German: | neman | vb | to take | W7 |
German: | Antinomie | n | antinomy | W7 |
ausgenommen | prep | except | TLL | |
nehmen | vb | to take | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | nema, nima | vb | to take, catch, amount to | LRC |
Icelandic: | nema | vb | to take | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | arbinumja | n | heir | LRC |
niman | vb.str.IV | to take, receive | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | antinomia | n.fem | contrary, conflict of laws | W7 |
astronomia | n.fem | astronomy | W7 | |
enumero, enumerare, enumeravi, enumeratus | vb | to count, enumerate | W7 | |
innumerabilis | adj | innumerable | W7 | |
Nemesis | prop.n.fem | Nemesis | W7 | |
nomas, nomadis | n.masc | nomad, member of pastoral people | W7 | |
-nomia | sfx | disposition of | W7 | |
numerabilis | adj | numerable | W7 | |
numero, numerare | vb | to count | W7 | |
numerus, numeri | n.masc | class, number, repute | LRC | |
numerus | n.masc | number | W7 | |
nummulus | n.masc.dim | little coin | W7 | |
nummus | n.masc | coin | W7 | |
Late Latin: | numeralis | adj | re: numbers | W7 |
supernumerarius | adj | supernumerary | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | Antinomus | prop.n | antinomian | AHD |
antinomus | adj | opposed to moral law | AHD | |
oeconomia | n.fem | economy | W7 | |
New Latin: | noma | n.fem | ulcer | W7 |
Old French: | astronomie | n.fem | astronomy | W7 |
nombre | n.masc | number | W7 | |
-nomie | sfx | naming, laws governing discipline | W7 | |
Middle French: | numeral | adj | re: numbers | W7 |
yconomie | n.fem | economy | W7 | |
French: | anomie | n.fem | lawlessness | W7 |
numismatique | n.fem | study of coins | W7 | |
nummulaire | adj | nummular, re: coins | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | namaĩ | n.masc | house | LRC |
nuomas | n | rent, interest | LRC | |
Latvian: | núoma | vb | to rent, lease | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | ekonomi | n.fem | economy | LRC |
ekonomik | adj | economic | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | νέμεσις | n | just anger/censure/indignation | LRC |
νεμεσ(σ)άω | vb | to be justly angry/indignant | LRC | |
νέμω | vb | to tend, manage; allot, divide, dispense | LRC | |
Greek: | anomia | n.fem | lawlessness | W7 |
anomos | adj | lawless | W7 | |
astronomia | n.fem | astronomy | W7 | |
autonomos | adj | autonomous | W7 | |
nomas, nomados | n.masc/fem | nomad; animal that pastures | W7 | |
nomē | n.fem | ulcer | W7 | |
-nomia | sfx | rule, custom | W7 | |
nomimos | adj | customary | W7 | |
nomisma, nomismatos | n.neut | coin; custom | W7 | |
νόμος | n.masc | law, rule, custom | LRC | |
-nomos | sfx | measuring, controlling | W7 | |
oikonomia | n.fem | economy, household management | W7 | |
oikonomos | n.masc | household manager | W7 | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | nemah | n | loan, obligation | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
IV | = | class 4 |
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |