Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. nem- 'to nim, take, give, count, apportion'
Semantic Field(s): to Take, to Give, Account, Reckoning
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | nem | n | gift | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beniman, biniman | vb | to deprive | ASD/W7 |
| (ge)niman, (ge)nam, (ge)nāmon, (ge)numen | vb.str.IV | to take, seize | LRC | |
| numol | adj | holding much | W7 | |
| Middle English: | astronomie, astronemie | n | astronomy | CDC/W7 |
| benimen | vb | to deprive | W7 | |
| benomen | vb | to benumb | W7 | |
| innumerable | adj | innumerable | W7 | |
| nimel | adj | nimble | W7 | |
| nimen | vb | to take | W7 | |
| nombre | n | number | W7 | |
| nomen | adj | numb | W7 | |
| -nomie | n.sfx | -nomy | W7 | |
| English: | anomie | n | situation in which norms of belief/conduct are weak/lacking | AHD/W7 |
| antinomian | adj/n | (re:) adherent of antinomianism | AHD | |
| antinomianism | n | belief that Gospel frees Christians from law | AHD | |
| antinomy | n | contradiction between equally valid principles/inferences | AHD/W7 | |
| astronomer | n | one who studies stars/planets/galaxies | AHD | |
| astronomy | n | science of celestial bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| autonomous | adj | independent | AHD/W7 | |
| benumb | vb.trans | to deaden, make inactive/insensitive | AHD/W7 | |
| Deuteronomy | prop.n | fifth book of Pentateuch: 2nd statement of law | AHD/CDC | |
| economic | adj | re: economy, household (management) | W7 | |
| economy | n | management of household/private affairs (esp. expenses) | AHD/W7 | |
| enumerate | vb.trans | to count, ascertain number of | AHD/W7 | |
| innumerable | adj | countless, too many to be counted | AHD/W7 | |
| metronome | n | instrument for marking time via repeated ticks | AHD/W7 | |
| Nemesis | prop.n | goddess of retributive justice (Greek/Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| nemesis | n | one that inflicts vengeance/retribution | AHD/W7 | |
| nim | vb | to filch, steal | AHD/W7 | |
| nimble | adj | lively, re: quick light movement | AHD/W7 | |
| noma | n | spreading gangrene in lining of lips/cheeks | AHD/W7 | |
| nomad | n | wanderer, one with no fixed residence | AHD/W7 | |
| nomadic | adj | roaming, wandering, re: nomad | W7 | |
| nome | n | province (ancient Egypt) | AHD/W7 | |
| nomograph | n | graph with three coplanar curves | AHD | |
| nomology | n | study/discovery of general physical/logical laws | AHD | |
| nomothetic | adj | legislative, re: lawmaking | AHD | |
| -nomy | n.sfx | laws/knowledge re: (specified) field | AHD/W7 | |
| numb | adj | devoid of sensation | AHD/W7 | |
| number | n | total, sum/count of units | AHD/W7 | |
| numeral | adj | re: number(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| numismatic | adj | re: study/collection of coins/tokens/etc. | AHD/W7 | |
| nummular | adj | oval/circular in shape (like coin) | AHD/W7 | |
| nummulite | n | fossil foraminifer resembling coin | AHD | |
| supernumerary | adj | exceeding stated/prescribed number | AHD/W7 | |
| taphonomy | n | study of fossilization | AHD/CDC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | nima, nema | vb | to take | ASD |
| Dutch: | nemen | vb | to take | LRC |
| Old Saxon: | niman | vb | to take | ASD |
| Old High German: | neman | vb | to take | W7 |
| German: | Antinomie | n | antinomy | W7 |
| ausgenommen | prep | except | TLL | |
| nehmen | vb | to take | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | nema, nima | vb | to take, catch, amount to | LRC |
| Icelandic: | nema | vb | to take | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | arbinumja | n | heir | LRC |
| niman | vb.str.IV | to take, receive | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | antinomia | n.fem | contrary, conflict of laws | W7 |
| astronomia | n.fem | astronomy | W7 | |
| enumero, enumerare, enumeravi, enumeratus | vb | to count, enumerate | W7 | |
| innumerabilis | adj | innumerable | W7 | |
| Nemesis | prop.n.fem | Nemesis | W7 | |
| nomas, nomadis | n.masc | nomad, member of pastoral people | W7 | |
| -nomia | sfx | disposition of | W7 | |
| numerabilis | adj | numerable | W7 | |
| numero, numerare | vb | to count | W7 | |
| numerus, numeri | n.masc | class, number, repute | LRC | |
| numerus | n.masc | number | W7 | |
| nummulus | n.masc.dim | little coin | W7 | |
| nummus | n.masc | coin | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | numeralis | adj | re: numbers | W7 |
| supernumerarius | adj | supernumerary | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | Antinomus | prop.n | antinomian | AHD |
| antinomus | adj | opposed to moral law | AHD | |
| oeconomia | n.fem | economy | W7 | |
| New Latin: | noma | n.fem | ulcer | W7 |
| Old French: | astronomie | n.fem | astronomy | W7 |
| nombre | n.masc | number | W7 | |
| -nomie | sfx | naming, laws governing discipline | W7 | |
| Middle French: | numeral | adj | re: numbers | W7 |
| yconomie | n.fem | economy | W7 | |
| French: | anomie | n.fem | lawlessness | W7 |
| numismatique | n.fem | study of coins | W7 | |
| nummulaire | adj | nummular, re: coins | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | namaĩ | n.masc | house | LRC |
| nuomas | n | rent, interest | LRC | |
| Latvian: | núoma | vb | to rent, lease | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | ekonomi | n.fem | economy | LRC |
| ekonomik | adj | economic | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | νέμεσις | n | just anger/censure/indignation | LRC |
| νεμεσ(σ)άω | vb | to be justly angry/indignant | LRC | |
| νέμω | vb | to tend, manage; allot, divide, dispense | LRC | |
| Greek: | anomia | n.fem | lawlessness | W7 |
| anomos | adj | lawless | W7 | |
| astronomia | n.fem | astronomy | W7 | |
| autonomos | adj | autonomous | W7 | |
| nomas, nomados | n.masc/fem | nomad; animal that pastures | W7 | |
| nomē | n.fem | ulcer | W7 | |
| -nomia | sfx | rule, custom | W7 | |
| nomimos | adj | customary | W7 | |
| nomisma, nomismatos | n.neut | coin; custom | W7 | |
| νόμος | n.masc | law, rule, custom | LRC | |
| -nomos | sfx | measuring, controlling | W7 | |
| oikonomia | n.fem | economy, household management | W7 | |
| oikonomos | n.masc | household manager | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | nemah | n | loan, obligation | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |