Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ner- 'below, under'
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | norð | adv | north(wards) | LRC |
| norðan | adv | from the north | LRC | |
| Norð-hymbre | prop.n.masc.pl | Northumbrians, Northumbria | LRC | |
| Norð-mann | prop.n.masc | Norwegian, lit. north-man | LRC | |
| norð-weard | adj | northward | LRC | |
| Norðweg | prop.n.neut | Norway, lit. way (leading) north | LRC | |
| Middle English: | north | adj/adv | north | W7 |
| northerne | adj | northern | W7 | |
| English: | Norbury | prop.n | town a.k.a. Fornost in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| Nordic | adj | re: Scandinavia | LRC | |
| Norse | prop.n | ancient Scandinavian language spoken by Vikings | LRC | |
| north | adv/adj | northward; re: the north | AHD/W7 | |
| north | n | direction to left when facing east | W9 | |
| Northerland | prop.n | lands north of Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| northern | adj | re: region to/toward/in the north | AHD/W7 | |
| Northfarthing | prop.n | Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| northward | adv | to/toward the north | ||
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | north | adv | north(wards) | ASD |
| Dutch: | noord | adv | north | W7 |
| noorden | n | north | TLL | |
| noordsch | adj | northern | W7 | |
| noorsch | adj | Norse, Norwegian, Scandinavian | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | norð | adv | north(wards) | ASD |
| Old High German: | nord | adv | north | W7 |
| nord-man | n | Norwegian, lit. north-man | ASD | |
| nordrōni | adj | northern | W7 | |
| German: | Norden | n.masc | north | LRC |
| nordisch | adj | Nordic | LRC | |
| nördlich | adj | northern | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | norðr | n | north | W7 |
| Icelandic: | norðarr | adv.comp | further north | ASD |
| norðast | adv.sup | furthest north | ASD | |
| norð-maðr | n | Norwegian, lit. north-man | ASD | |
| norðr-vegar | n.pl | Norway, lit. way (leading) north | ASD | |
| Danish: | nord | n | north | TLL |
| Swedish: | norr | n | north | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| French: | nord | adj/n.masc | northern; north | W7 |
| nordique | adj | Nordic, re: the north | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | nerteros | adj | lower, infernal | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sup | = | superlative |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |
