Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: oi-no-, oi-u̯o- '(demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)'
Semantic Field(s): One
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | oīn, oen | adj/nbr.card | single, one (1) | AHD/EIE |
| Irish: | aon | nbr.card | one (1) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | aon | nbr.card | one (1) | LRC |
| Manx: | un, nane | nbr.card | one (1) | LRC |
| Welsh: | un | art.indef/nbr.card | a, an; one (1) | EIE |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣnlic, ānlic | adj | only, singular, elegant | ASD |
| ǣnlice | adv | only, singularly, elegantly | ASD | |
| ān | adj/adv | alone, single; only | LRC | |
| ān | nbr.card | one (1) | W7 | |
| ān-boren | adj | only-born, only-begotten | ASD | |
| āni, ǣneg, ǣnig | adj | any (single) | ASD | |
| endleofan | nbr.card | eleven, lit. one-left | W7 | |
| nān | adj/pron | no, none, lit. not one | ASD/W7 | |
| ynce | n.masc | inch | W7 | |
| Middle English: | alone | adj | alone | W7 |
| a(n) | art.indef | a, an | W7 | |
| anely | adj/adv | only | MEV | |
| anon(e) | adv | anon, at once, immediately | MEV/W7 | |
| any, ani | adj | any | MEV/W7 | |
| atonen | vb | to atone, become reconciled | W7 | |
| enleven | nbr.card | eleven (11) | W7 | |
| inch | n | inch | W7 | |
| lone | adj | lone | W7 | |
| (n)anes | n | nonce | W7 | |
| none | pron | none | W7 | |
| on(e) | nbr.card | one | W7 | |
| ones | adv | once | W7 | |
| ounce | n | ounce | W7 | |
| uni- | pfx | uni- | W7 | |
| union | n | union | W7 | |
| unite | n | unity | W7 | |
| uniten | vb | to unite | W7 | |
| English: | a | art.indef | an, one | AHD/W7 |
| alone | adj | lone, unique, isolated | AHD/W7 | |
| an | art.indef | a, one | AHD/W7 | |
| Anborn | prop.n | Ithilien ranger in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| anon | adv | soon, presently | AHD/W7 | |
| Anson | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| any | adj | one indiscriminately (of whatever kind) | AHD/W7 | |
| atone | vb | to reconcile | AHD/W7 | |
| coadunate | adj | united | AHD/W7 | |
| einkorn | n | early cultivated single-grain wheat | AHD | |
| eleven | nbr.card | 11, lit. one-left | AHD/W7 | |
| inch | n | unit of length: 1/12 foot | AHD/W7 | |
| lone | adj | solitary, having no company | AHD/W7 | |
| lonely | adj | lone, alone, desolate, solitary | AHD | |
| nonce | n | one/present/particular use/purpose/occasion | AHD/W7 | |
| none | pron | not any, lit. not one | AHD/W7 | |
| once | adv | one time (but no more) | AHD/W7 | |
| one | nbr.card | 1, re: single unit/thing | AHD/W7 | |
| onion | n | Asiatic herb (lily) with pungent edible bulb | W7 | |
| only | adj/adv | sole, peerless; solely, merely | W7 | |
| ounce | n | unit of weight: 1/16 pound | AHD/W7 | |
| quincunx | n | five twelfths (of a unit) | AHD/W7 | |
| triune | n | trinity, lit. three in one | AHD/W7 | |
| uncial | adj | re: European book style of writing (4th-8th centuries AD) | AHD/W7 | |
| uni- | pfx | one, single | AHD/W7 | |
| union | n | joining/uniting multiple parts into one | AHD/W7 | |
| unique | adj | sole, single | AHD/W7 | |
| unite | n | old British 20-shilling gold piece | AHD/W7 | |
| unite | vb | to assemble into single unit | AHD/W7 | |
| unity | n | oneness, state/quality of being united | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | andlova, elleva | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| Frisian: | alue, alve | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| Dutch: | ui | n | onion | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | ellevan | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| nēn | adj/pron | no, none | ASD | |
| Old High German: | ein | art.indef/nbr.card | a, an; one (1) | EIE |
| einag | adj | any | W7 | |
| einlif | nbr.card | eleven, lit. one-left | W7 | |
| nein | adj | not one | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | einlef, einlif | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| German: | e(i)lf | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| ein | art.indef/nbr.card | a, an; one (1) | LRC | |
| Einkorn | n.neut | einkorn, lit. single-grain | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | einga | adj | sole, only | LRC |
| einka | adv | specially, particularly | IEW | |
| einn | nbr.card | one (1) | EIE | |
| Icelandic: | ellifu | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| neinn | adj/pron | no, none, lit. not one | ASD | |
| Danish: | elleve | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| Swedish: | elfva | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ainlif | nbr.card | eleven (11) | ASD |
| ains | adj/nbr.card | alone, single; one (1) | EIE | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | oinos, oenos | adj/nbr.card | alone, single; one (1) | ELD/W7 |
| Latin: | quincunx, quincuncis | adj | five uncia's | W7 |
| ūnā | adv | together, at/in same time/place | LRC | |
| uncia | n.fem | 1/12 of a unit: inch, ounce | W7 | |
| uncialis | adj | inch-high | W7 | |
| uni- | pfx | uni- | W7 | |
| unicus | adj | unique | W7 | |
| unitas, unitatis | n.fem | unity | W7 | |
| ūnus, ūna, ūnum | adj/nbr.card | alone, single; one (1) | ELD/W7 | |
| Late Latin: | aduno, adunāre | vb | to unite | W7 |
| coaduno, coadunare, coadunavi, coadunatus | vb | to combine | W7 | |
| ūniō, ūniōnis | n.fem | union, oneness; large pearl | W7 | |
| unio, unīre | vb | to unite | W7 | |
| unitus | vb.ptc | united | W7 | |
| unus | nbr.card | one (1) | W7 | |
| Spanish: | aunque | conj | although | TLL |
| Old French: | unité | n.fem | unity | W7 |
| Middle French: | unce | n.fem | ounce, 1/12 part | W7 |
| uni- | pfx | uni- | W7 | |
| union | n.fem | union | W7 | |
| French: | unique | adj | unique, single | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | ains | nbr.card | one (1) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | víenas, vienà | adj/pron/nbr.card | each, alone; one (1) | IEW |
| Latvian: | viêns | adj/pron/nbr.card | each, alone; one (1) | EIE |
| viņš | pron | he | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ino-rogŭ | n | unicorn | EIE |
| inъ | adj/pron/nbr.card | (an)other; one (1) | IEW | |
| Russian: | odín- | pfx | uni- | EIE |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | εἷς, ἕν | adj/nbr.card | alone, single; one (1) | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | aiva- | adj/nbr.card | alone, one (1) | EIE |
| Avestan: | aēva- | nbr.card | one (1) | EIE |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | éka- | nbr.card | one (1) | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| art | = | article/determiner |
| card | = | cardinal |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| indef | = | indefinite |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
