Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: onogh- : ongh-, nogh-, Celtic n̥gh-, ongh-li- 'claw, (finger/toe) nail'
Semantic Field(s): Nail, Claw
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | angnægl | n.masc | agnail, corn on toe/foot | ASD/W7 |
næg(e)l | n | (finger/toe/metal) nail, claw, spear | ASD/W7 | |
wer-nægl | n.masc | warnel, lit. man-nail | OED | |
Middle English: | agnail | n | agnail | W7 |
nail | n | nail | W7 | |
onix | n | onyx | W7 | |
sardonix | n | sardonyx | W7 | |
English: | agnail | n | sore/inflammation around toenail/fingernail | AHD/W7 |
fingernail | n | horny sheath protecting upper end of primate finger | W7 | |
hangnail | n | agnail | AHD | |
nail | n | horny sheath protecting upper end of primate finger/toe | AHD/W7 | |
nail | n | pointed/headed metal fastener | W7 | |
onyx | n | parallel layers of chalcedony in different colors | AHD/W7 | |
paronychia | n | tissue inflammation around fingernail/toenail | AHD | |
perionychium | n | tissue bordering root/sides of fingernail/toenail | AHD/W7 | |
sardonyx | n | onyx with parallel layers of sard | AHD/W7 | |
toenail | n | horny sheath protecting upper end of primate toe | W7 | |
unguiculate | adj | clawed, having nails/claws | AHD/W7 | |
unguis | n | nail, claw, hoof | AHD | |
ungulate | adj | having hooves | AHD/W7 | |
ungulate | n | hoofed mammal | AHD/W7 | |
warnel | n | wart, hard skin tumor | OED | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | neil | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | ASD |
Dutch: | nagel | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | TLL |
Old Saxon: | nagal | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | ASD |
Old High German: | nagal | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | W7 |
ungnagal | n | agnail | ASD | |
German: | Nagel | n.masc | nail, toenail, fingernail | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | nagl | n | toenail, fingernail | ASD |
nagli | n | (metal) nail | ASD | |
Danish: | negl | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | TLL |
Swedish: | nagel | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-nagljan | n | nail, toenail, fingernail | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | onyx, onychis | n.masc/fem | onyx | W7 |
sardonyx | n.masc/fem | sardonyx, precious stone | W7 | |
unguiculus | n.masc | little nail | W7 | |
unguis | n.masc | nail, claw, hoof | W7 | |
ungula | n.fem | hoof, little nail | W7 | |
Late Latin: | ungulatus | adj | that has a nail/hoof | W7 |
New Latin: | perionychium | n.neut | tissue bordering toenail/fingernail | W7 |
unguiculatus | vb.ptc | with nails | W7 | |
Old French: | onix | n.masc | onyx | W7 |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | noga | n.fem | foot | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | onyx, onychos | n.masc | nail, claw, hoof | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |