Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. op- 'to work, perform, operate, bring about'
Semantic Field(s): to Work, Toil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | efnan | vb.wk | to perform | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | copie | n | copy | W7 |
| copious | adj | copious | W7 | |
| enuren | vb | to inure | W7 | |
| manouren | vb | to manure | W7 | |
| stover | n | stover | W7 | |
| ure | n | use, custom | W7 | |
| English: | cooperate | vb.intrans | to act/work with another/others | AHD/W7 |
| copious | adj | rich, yielding in abundance | AHD/W7 | |
| copy | n | transcript/imitation/reproduction of original (text/engraving/photograph) | AHD/W7 | |
| cornucopia | n | lit. horn of plenty | AHD/W7 | |
| inure | vb | to habituate, accustom to accept something not desirable | AHD/W7 | |
| maneuver | n | military/naval evolution | AHD/W7 | |
| manure | vb.trans | to till, cultivate | AHD/W7 | |
| officinal | adj | available without special preparation/compounding | AHD/W7 | |
| omni- | pfx | all | AHD | |
| omnibus | n | bus, large vehicle for public transportation | AHD/W7 | |
| omnium-gatherum | n | hodgepodge, miscellaneous collection | AHD/W7 | |
| opera | n | drama set to vocal music | AHD/W7 | |
| operate | vb | to function, perform work/labor | AHD/W7 | |
| operator | n | worker, one who operates (something) | LRC | |
| operose | adj | diligent, laborious | AHD/W7 | |
| optimal | adj | most desirable/satisfactory | W7 | |
| optimum | n | most favorable degree/amount/condition | AHD | |
| opulent | adj | re: wealth/plenty/affluence | AHD/W7 | |
| opus | n | work | AHD/W7 | |
| stover | n | fodder | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | copia, copiae | n.fem | wealth, abundance | LRC |
| copiosus, copiosa, copiosum | adj | rich, abundant | LRC | |
| officina | n.fem | workshop | W7 | |
| omnis, omnis, omne | adj | all | LRC | |
| opera, operae | n.fem | opus, service, exertion | LRC | |
| operarius | n | operator | TLL | |
| operor, operari, operatus | vb.dep | to operate | W7 | |
| operosus | adj | laborious | W7 | |
| opifex, opificis | n.masc/fem | workman | W7 | |
| ops, opis | n.fem | aid, support, assistance | LRC | |
| opulentus | adj | rich | W7 | |
| opus, operis | n.neut | opus | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | cooperor, cooperari, cooperatus | vb.dep | to work together | W7 |
| cornucopia | n.fem | horn of plenty | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | copia | n.fem | copy; multitude | W7 |
| manuopera | n.neut.pl | work done by hand | W7 | |
| officina | n.fem | storeroom | W7 | |
| officinalis | adj | of a storeroom | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | obreiro | n | operator | TLL |
| Spanish: | obrero | n | operator | TLL |
| Old French: | estoveir | vb | to be necessary | W7 |
| maneuvre | n.fem | work done by hand | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | estovers | n.masc.pl | necessary supplies | W7 |
| Middle French: | copie | n.fem | copy | W7 |
| manouvrer | vb | to work by hand | W7 | |
| uevre | n.fem | work, practice | W7 | |
| French: | manoeuvre | n.fem | maneuver | W7 |
| omnibus | n.masc | ancient public transportation device | W7 | |
| ouvrier | n | operator | TLL | |
| Italian: | ò€pera | n.fem | work, action, performance; opera | W7 |
| operaio | n | operator | TLL | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | apas | n | opus | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
