Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pā- : pə-, and pā-t- : pə-t- 'to feed, graze, pasture'
Semantic Field(s): to Pasture
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fēdan | vb | to feed | RPN |
| fōda | n.masc | food | ASD/RPN | |
| fōd(d)or, fōd(d)er, fōddur | n.neut | fodder | ASD/RPN | |
| fōstor | n/pfx | food, feeding; foster | W7 | |
| Middle English: | bezear | n | bezoar, magic stone poison antidote | AHD |
| compainoun | n | companion | W7 | |
| companie | n | company | W7 | |
| feden | vb | to feed | W7 | |
| fodder | n | fodder | W7 | |
| fode | n | food | W7 | |
| forage | n | forage | W7 | |
| forrayen | vb | to foray | W7 | |
| foster | n | foster | W7 | |
| furren | vb | to fur | W7 | |
| panetrie | n | pantry | W7 | |
| panier | n | pannier | W7 | |
| pastour | n | pastor | W7 | |
| pasture | n | pasture | W7 | |
| repast | n | repast | W7 | |
| satrap | n | provincial governor | W7 | |
| English: | antipasto | n | hors d'oeuvre | AHD/W7 |
| appanage | n | grant to dependent royal family member | AHD/W7 | |
| bezoar | n | ruminant alimentary concretion | AHD/W7 | |
| breastfeed, breastfed | vb.str | to feed from breast | LRC | |
| companion | n | comrade | AHD/W7 | |
| company | n | fellowship, association with another | AHD/W7 | |
| feed, fed | vb.str | to give food to | AHD/W7 | |
| fodder | n | food for domestic animals | AHD/W7 | |
| food | n | vital dietary material | AHD/W7 | |
| forage | n | food for animals | AHD/W7 | |
| foray | vb | to pillage, ravage searching for spoils | AHD/W7 | |
| foster | adj | re: nurture/care not required by blood/legal ties | AHD/W7 | |
| fourragere | n | braided cord | AHD/W7 | |
| fur | n | mammal pelt thickly covered by fine soft hair | LRC | |
| fur | vb | to line/trim/clothe/cover with fur | AHD/W7 | |
| furrier | n | fur dealer | AHD/W7 | |
| pabulum | n | food (esp. in solution) | AHD/W7 | |
| panada | n | paste of flour/bread crumbs in water/stock | AHD/W7 | |
| panatela | n | long slender cigar | AHD/W7 | |
| pannier | n | large basket | AHD/W7 | |
| panocha | n | coarse Mexican sugar | AHD | |
| pantry | n | room/closet used to store provisions/dinnerware | AHD/W7 | |
| pastern | n | part of equine foot extending from fetlock to coffin bone | AHD/W7 | |
| pastille | n | aromatic paste for scenting/fumigating air | AHD/W7 | |
| pastor | n | shepherd, herdsman | AHD/W7 | |
| pasture | n | plants grown to feed animals | AHD/W7 | |
| pasture | vb | to graze, browse, keep in pasture | W7 | |
| penuche | n | fudge made with milk/cream, butter, brown sugar, nuts | AHD/W7 | |
| pester | vb.trans | to overcrowd | AHD/W7 | |
| repast | n | meal, something taken as food | AHD/W7 | |
| satrap | n | provincial governor | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | fede | vb | to feed | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | foda, feda | vb | to feed | ASD |
| Frisian: | fieden | vb | to feed | ASD |
| Dutch: | voeden | vb | to feed | ASD |
| voeder, voēr | n.neut | fodder, provender | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fōdjan, fuodjan | vb | to feed | ASD |
| Low German: | föde, v̈de | n | food | ASD |
| foder, vo(d)er | n | fodder | ASD | |
| Old High German: | fuotar | n.neut | food, fodder | ASD/W7 |
| fuotjan | vb | to feed | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vuoten, vüeten | vb | to feed | ASD |
| vuoter | n.neut | fodder | ASD | |
| German: | Futter | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
| füttern | vb | to feed | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | fóðr | n | fodder | RPN |
| Icelandic: | fōðr | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
| fæða | vb | to feed | ASD | |
| fæði | n.neut | food | ASD | |
| Danish: | fo(d)er | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
| föde | vb | to feed | ASD | |
| føde | n.masc/fem | food | ASD | |
| fødsel | n | birth | TLL | |
| Swedish: | föda | n.fem | food | ASD |
| föda | vb | to feed | ASD | |
| födelse | n | birth | SAO | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fōdeins | n.fem | food | ASD |
| fōðer | n.neut | sheath | ASD | |
| fōdjan | vb | to feed, nourish | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pābulum | n.neut | food, fodder, nourishment | RPN |
| panarium | n.neut | bread-basket | W7 | |
| pānis | n.masc | bread | RPN | |
| pāscō, pāscere, pāstus | vb | to feed, pasture | RPN | |
| pastillus | n.masc | small loaf, lozenge | W7 | |
| pastor | n.masc | shepherd | W7 | |
| pastus | n.masc | food | W7 | |
| satrapes | n.masc | satrap | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | impastorio, impastoriare | vb | to embarrass | W7 |
| pastoria | n.fem | hobble | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | companio, companionis | n.fem | company | W7 |
| pastura | n.fem | pasture | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | appāno, appānāre | vb | to make provisions for | AHD |
| Spanish: | pan | n.masc | bread | W7 |
| panada | n.fem | paste of flour/bread | W7 | |
| panatela | n.fem | long thin biscuit | W7 | |
| Mexican Spanish: | panocha | n.fem | raw sugar | W7 |
| Old French: | apanage | n.masc | appanage, inherited goods | W7 |
| apaner | vb | to provide for (younger offspring) | W7 | |
| bezahar | n | bezoar | AHD | |
| compagnie | n.fem | company | W7 | |
| compagnon, compain | n.masc | companion | W7 | |
| feurre | n | fodder | AHD | |
| forage | n.masc | forage | W7 | |
| forrer | vb | to fill up with | W7 | |
| paistre | vb | to feed | W7 | |
| pan | n.masc | bread | W7 | |
| paneterie | n.fem | pantry | W7 | |
| panetier | n.masc | servant in charge of pantry | W7 | |
| pastour | n.masc | pastor | W7 | |
| repaistre | vb | to feed | W7 | |
| repast | n.masc | repast | W7 | |
| Middle French: | empestrer | vb | to hobble, embarrass | W7 |
| forage | n.masc | forage | W7 | |
| forre | n.fem | looting | W7 | |
| forrer | vb | to loot | W7 | |
| fourrer | vb | to fill up with | W7 | |
| paneterie | n.fem | pantry | W7 | |
| panier | n.masc | basket | W7 | |
| pasture | n.fem | pasture, tether attached to a horse's foot | W7 | |
| pasturon | n.masc | part of horse leg | W7 | |
| repast | n.masc | repast | W7 | |
| French: | apanage | n.masc | appanage, inherited goods | W7 |
| fourragère | n.fem | lanyard, fourragere | W7 | |
| pastille | n.fem | flat candy | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | apanar | vb | to support | W7 |
| Italian: | antipasto | n.masc | antipasto, side dish | CID/W7 |
| pasto | n | food | AHD | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | pōy | n.masc | herd | W7 |
| satrapēs | n.masc | satrap | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | khshathra-pāvā | n | satrap, lit. province-protector | AHD |
| pā | vb | to protect | LRC | |
| Persian: | pād | vb.ptc | protecting (against) | AHD/W7 |
| pādzahr | n | bezoar, lit. poison protector | AHD | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pāti | vb | to protect | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |