Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pā- : pə-, and pā-t- : pə-t- 'to feed, graze, pasture'
Semantic Field(s): to Pasture
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | fēdan | vb | to feed | RPN |
fōda | n.masc | food | ASD/RPN | |
fōd(d)or, fōd(d)er, fōddur | n.neut | fodder | ASD/RPN | |
fōstor | n/pfx | food, feeding; foster | W7 | |
Middle English: | bezear | n | bezoar, magic stone poison antidote | AHD |
compainoun | n | companion | W7 | |
companie | n | company | W7 | |
feden | vb | to feed | W7 | |
fodder | n | fodder | W7 | |
fode | n | food | W7 | |
forage | n | forage | W7 | |
forrayen | vb | to foray | W7 | |
foster | n | foster | W7 | |
furren | vb | to fur | W7 | |
panetrie | n | pantry | W7 | |
panier | n | pannier | W7 | |
pastour | n | pastor | W7 | |
pasture | n | pasture | W7 | |
repast | n | repast | W7 | |
satrap | n | provincial governor | W7 | |
English: | antipasto | n | hors d'oeuvre | AHD/W7 |
appanage | n | grant to dependent royal family member | AHD/W7 | |
bezoar | n | ruminant alimentary concretion | AHD/W7 | |
breastfeed, breastfed | vb.str | to feed from breast | LRC | |
companion | n | comrade | AHD/W7 | |
company | n | fellowship, association with another | AHD/W7 | |
feed, fed | vb.str | to give food to | AHD/W7 | |
fodder | n | food for domestic animals | AHD/W7 | |
food | n | vital dietary material | AHD/W7 | |
forage | n | food for animals | AHD/W7 | |
foray | vb | to pillage, ravage searching for spoils | AHD/W7 | |
foster | adj | re: nurture/care not required by blood/legal ties | AHD/W7 | |
fourragere | n | braided cord | AHD/W7 | |
fur | n | mammal pelt thickly covered by fine soft hair | LRC | |
fur | vb | to line/trim/clothe/cover with fur | AHD/W7 | |
furrier | n | fur dealer | AHD/W7 | |
pabulum | n | food (esp. in solution) | AHD/W7 | |
panada | n | paste of flour/bread crumbs in water/stock | AHD/W7 | |
panatela | n | long slender cigar | AHD/W7 | |
pannier | n | large basket | AHD/W7 | |
panocha | n | coarse Mexican sugar | AHD | |
pantry | n | room/closet used to store provisions/dinnerware | AHD/W7 | |
pastern | n | part of equine foot extending from fetlock to coffin bone | AHD/W7 | |
pastille | n | aromatic paste for scenting/fumigating air | AHD/W7 | |
pastor | n | shepherd, herdsman | AHD/W7 | |
pasture | n | plants grown to feed animals | AHD/W7 | |
pasture | vb | to graze, browse, keep in pasture | W7 | |
penuche | n | fudge made with milk/cream, butter, brown sugar, nuts | AHD/W7 | |
pester | vb.trans | to overcrowd | AHD/W7 | |
repast | n | meal, something taken as food | AHD/W7 | |
satrap | n | provincial governor | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | fede | vb | to feed | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | foda, feda | vb | to feed | ASD |
Frisian: | fieden | vb | to feed | ASD |
Dutch: | voeden | vb | to feed | ASD |
voeder, voēr | n.neut | fodder, provender | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | fōdjan, fuodjan | vb | to feed | ASD |
Low German: | föde, v̈de | n | food | ASD |
foder, vo(d)er | n | fodder | ASD | |
Old High German: | fuotar | n.neut | food, fodder | ASD/W7 |
fuotjan | vb | to feed | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vuoten, vüeten | vb | to feed | ASD |
vuoter | n.neut | fodder | ASD | |
German: | Futter | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
füttern | vb | to feed | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | fóðr | n | fodder | RPN |
Icelandic: | fōðr | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
fæða | vb | to feed | ASD | |
fæði | n.neut | food | ASD | |
Danish: | fo(d)er | n.neut | fodder | ASD |
föde | vb | to feed | ASD | |
føde | n.masc/fem | food | ASD | |
fødsel | n | birth | TLL | |
Swedish: | föda | n.fem | food | ASD |
föda | vb | to feed | ASD | |
födelse | n | birth | SAO | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | fōdeins | n.fem | food | ASD |
fōðer | n.neut | sheath | ASD | |
fōdjan | vb | to feed, nourish | RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | pābulum | n.neut | food, fodder, nourishment | RPN |
panarium | n.neut | bread-basket | W7 | |
pānis | n.masc | bread | RPN | |
pāscō, pāscere, pāstus | vb | to feed, pasture | RPN | |
pastillus | n.masc | small loaf, lozenge | W7 | |
pastor | n.masc | shepherd | W7 | |
pastus | n.masc | food | W7 | |
satrapes | n.masc | satrap | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | impastorio, impastoriare | vb | to embarrass | W7 |
pastoria | n.fem | hobble | W7 | |
Late Latin: | companio, companionis | n.fem | company | W7 |
pastura | n.fem | pasture | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | appāno, appānāre | vb | to make provisions for | AHD |
Spanish: | pan | n.masc | bread | W7 |
panada | n.fem | paste of flour/bread | W7 | |
panatela | n.fem | long thin biscuit | W7 | |
Mexican Spanish: | panocha | n.fem | raw sugar | W7 |
Old French: | apanage | n.masc | appanage, inherited goods | W7 |
apaner | vb | to provide for (younger offspring) | W7 | |
bezahar | n | bezoar | AHD | |
compagnie | n.fem | company | W7 | |
compagnon, compain | n.masc | companion | W7 | |
feurre | n | fodder | AHD | |
forage | n.masc | forage | W7 | |
forrer | vb | to fill up with | W7 | |
paistre | vb | to feed | W7 | |
pan | n.masc | bread | W7 | |
paneterie | n.fem | pantry | W7 | |
panetier | n.masc | servant in charge of pantry | W7 | |
pastour | n.masc | pastor | W7 | |
repaistre | vb | to feed | W7 | |
repast | n.masc | repast | W7 | |
Middle French: | empestrer | vb | to hobble, embarrass | W7 |
forage | n.masc | forage | W7 | |
forre | n.fem | looting | W7 | |
forrer | vb | to loot | W7 | |
fourrer | vb | to fill up with | W7 | |
paneterie | n.fem | pantry | W7 | |
panier | n.masc | basket | W7 | |
pasture | n.fem | pasture, tether attached to a horse's foot | W7 | |
pasturon | n.masc | part of horse leg | W7 | |
repast | n.masc | repast | W7 | |
French: | apanage | n.masc | appanage, inherited goods | W7 |
fourragère | n.fem | lanyard, fourragere | W7 | |
pastille | n.fem | flat candy | W7 | |
Old Provençal: | apanar | vb | to support | W7 |
Italian: | antipasto | n.masc | antipasto, side dish | CID/W7 |
pasto | n | food | AHD | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | pōy | n.masc | herd | W7 |
satrapēs | n.masc | satrap | W7 | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | khshathra-pāvā | n | satrap, lit. province-protector | AHD |
pā | vb | to protect | LRC | |
Persian: | pād | vb.ptc | protecting (against) | AHD/W7 |
pādzahr | n | bezoar, lit. poison protector | AHD | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | pāti | vb | to protect | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |