Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pā̆k̑-, and pā̆g̑- 'to repair, strengthen'
Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | feng | n.masc | fang, tusk; prey, loot, spoil, booty | IEW |
fengel | n.masc | prince, leader | ASD | |
(ge)fōn, (ge)fēng, (ge)fēngon, (ge)fangen | vb.str.VII | to take, seize | LRC | |
pāl | n.masc | pole, stake | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | appesen | vb | to appease | W7 |
compact | adj | compact | W7 | |
fang | n | fang | W7 | |
newefangel, newfangled | adj | newfangled | W7 | |
pacifien | vb | to pacify | W7 | |
pact | n | pact | W7 | |
padgeant | n | pageant, lit. scene of play | W7 | |
pagan | n | pagan | W7 | |
pagyn | n | pageant | W7 | |
paissaunt | n | peasant | W7 | |
pale | n | pale | W7 | |
palen | vb | to pale | W7 | |
pax | n | pax | W7 | |
payen | vb | to pay | W7 | |
pees | n | peace | W7 | |
pel | n | pole, stake, stockade | W7 | |
pele | n | peel | W7 | |
pole | n | pole | W7 | |
travail | n | travail | W7 | |
travailen | vb | to travail, journey | W7 | |
English: | appease | vb.trans | to calm, bring to state of peace/quiet | AHD/W7 |
Areopagus | prop.n | Hill of Ares (in Athens) | LRC | |
compact | adj | made, composed | AHD/W7 | |
compact | vb | to compress, combine, consolidate | W7 | |
Fang | prop.n | huge dog in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
fang | n | long sharp tooth | AHD/W7 | |
Fengel | prop.n | 15th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
impact | vb.trans | to fix firmly by packing/wedging | AHD/W7 | |
impale | vb.trans | to surround, enclose with stakes/palisade | AHD/W7 | |
impinge | vb | to strike/dash (esp. via sharp collision) | AHD/W7 | |
mastopexy | n | surgery to lift/reshape breast | AHD | |
newfangled | adj | attracted to novelty | AHD/W7 | |
pace | prep | with due respect to | AHD/W7 | |
pacific | adj | conciliatory, tending to lessen conflict | AHD/W7 | |
pacify | vb.trans | to allay anger/agitation | AHD/W7 | |
pact | n | agreement | AHD/W7 | |
pagan | adj/n | (re:) heathen | AHD/W7 | |
page | n | leaf of book/tract/similar item | AHD/W7 | |
pageant | n | pretense, mere show | AHD/W7 | |
pale | n | stake, paling, palisade | AHD/W7 | |
pale | vb.trans | to fence, enclose with pales | AHD/W7 | |
palette | n | painter's thin oval/rectangular board/tablet for holding/mixing pigments | AHD/W7 | |
palisade | n | fence of stakes (esp. for defense) | AHD/W7 | |
patio | n | roofless courtyard for dining/recreation | AHD | |
pawl | n | pivoted tongue/sliding bolt to constrain mechanical motion to one direction | AHD/W7 | |
pax | n | tablet/board decorated with figure/symbol of Christ/saint/Virgin Mary | AHD/W7 | |
pay, paid | vb.wk | to make due return for services rendered/property delivered | AHD/W7 | |
peace | n | state of quiet/tranquillity | AHD/W7 | |
peasant | n | person tilling soil as laborer/small landowner | AHD/W7 | |
pectin | n | water-soluble gel (basis of fruit jelly) in plant tissue | AHD/W7 | |
peel | n | small massive fortified medieval tower | AHD/W7 | |
peel | n | long-handled flat baking tool | AHD/W7 | |
pegmatite | n | coarse granite in dikes/veins | AHD/W7 | |
pole | n | long slender (cylindrical) implement | AHD/W7 | |
propagate | vb | to increase via reproduction | AHD/W7 | |
spinto | adj | re: lyric voice with some dramatic attributes | AHD | |
travail | n | toil, work (esp. of painful/laborious nature) | AHD/W7 | |
travail | vb.intrans | to toil, labor hard | AHD/W7 | |
travel | vb | to journey, go (as if) on trip/tour | AHD/W7 | |
vang | n | rope used to steady ship's gaff | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | fa | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
Frisian: | fean, fangen | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
Dutch: | gevangenis | n | prison | TLL |
pal | n | pawl | W7 | |
vangen, vaan | vb | to take, seize | ASD | |
voegen | vb | to fit, join | LRC | |
Old Saxon: | fahan, fangan | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
Old High German: | fāhan | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
fang | n.masc | fang; booty, seizure | IEW | |
pfāl | n | pole, stake | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vāhen | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
German: | fangen, fahen | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
Fuge | n | seam, joint | LRC | |
fügen | vb | to fit, join | LRC | |
Gefängnis | n | prison | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | fá | vb | to give/receive, put/take; have, make use of | LRC |
Icelandic: | fā, fanga | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
páll | n | pale; hoe, spade | ASD | |
Danish: | faa(e) | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
fængsel | n | prison | TLL | |
føje | vb | to fit, join | SAO | |
Swedish: | foga | vb | to fit, join | SAO |
få(nga) | vb | to take, seize | ASD | |
fängelse | n | prison | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | fahan | vb | to take, seize | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | Areopagus | n.masc | Areopagus | W7 |
compingo, compingere, compegi, compactus | vb | to compact, put together | W7 | |
impingo, impingere, impegi, impactus | vb | to impinge, impact, pin to, push against | W7 | |
pacifico, pacificare | vb | to pacify | W7 | |
pacificus | adj | pacific | W7 | |
paciscor, pacisci, pactus | vb.dep | to agree, contract | W7 | |
paco, pacāre | vb | to pacify | W7 | |
pactum | n.neut | pact | W7 | |
paganus | n.masc | country dweller | W7 | |
pagina | n.fem | page | W7 | |
pagus | n.masc | country district | W7 | |
pala | n.fem | spade, shovel | W7 | |
palus | n.masc | pale | W7 | |
pango, pangere | vb | to fix, fasten | W7 | |
pax, pacis | n.fem | peace | LRC | |
propages | n.fem | slip, offspring | W7 | |
propago, propagare, propagavi, propagatus | vb | to propagate, set slips | W7 | |
tripalis | adj | having three pales/stakes | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | tripalio, tripaliāre | vb | to torture | W7 |
tropalium | n.neut | instrument of torture | W7 | |
Late Latin: | paganus | n.masc | non-Christian | W7 |
pagensis | n.masc | inhabitant of district | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | impalō, impalāre | vb | to impale, kill on stake | W7 |
pagina | n.fem | page | W7 | |
Portuguese: | pagão | adj | pagan | TLL |
pagar | vb | to pay | TLL | |
trabalho | n | travail | TLL | |
Spanish: | pagano | adj | pagan | TLL |
pagar | vb | to pay | TLL | |
patio | n.masc | patio, courtyard | LRC | |
trabajo | n | travail | TLL | |
Old French: | apaisier | vb | to appease | W7 |
paier | vb | to pay | W7 | |
païs | n.masc | country | W7 | |
pais | n.fem | peace | W7 | |
paisant | n.masc | peasant | W7 | |
travail | n.masc | work, torture | W7 | |
traveillier, travaillier, travailler | vb | to work, torture | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | pel | n.fem | pole, stockade | W7 |
Middle French: | empaler | vb | to impale, kill on stake | W7 |
pacifique | adj | pacific | W7 | |
pact | n.masc | pact | W7 | |
page | n.fem | page | W7 | |
paisant | n.masc | peasant | W7 | |
pal | n.masc | pale | W7 | |
pale, pele | n.fem | spade, shovel | W7 | |
paler | vb | to submit to the pale | W7 | |
pel | n.masc | pale | W7 | |
French: | palette | n.fem | flat instrument: spade, shovel, etc. | W7 |
palissade | n.fem | palisade | W7 | |
payen | adj | pagan | TLL | |
payer | vb | to pay | TLL | |
pectine | n.fem | pectin | W7 | |
pectique | adj | containing pectin | W7 | |
pegmatite | n.fem | type of granite | W7 | |
travail | n | travail | TLL | |
Italian: | pagano | adj | pagan | TLL |
pagare | vb | to pay | TLL | |
travaglio | n | travail | TLL | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πάγος | n.masc | hill, cliff, mountain peak | LS |
Greek: | pēgma, pēgmatos | n.neut | something fastened together | W7 |
pēgnyw | vb | to fasten together | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VII | = | class 7 |
adj | = | adjective |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |