Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pē̆d-, pō̆d- 'foot'
Semantic Field(s): Foot
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bær-fōt | adj | barefoot | MEV |
| fecc(e)an, fæccan | vb.wk | to fetch | ASD/W7 | |
| feti(g)an, fetigean | vb.wk | to fetch | ASD/W7 | |
| fōt | n.masc | foot | LRC | |
| trefet | n | trivet | W7 | |
| Middle English: | antipodes | n.pl | antipodes, those with feet opposite ours | AHD |
| barfot | adj | barefoot | MEV | |
| empechen | vb | to impeach | W7 | |
| empeiren | vb | to impair | W7 | |
| fecchen | vb | to fetch | W7 | |
| feter | n | fetter | W7 | |
| fetlak | n | fetlock | W7 | |
| fitlok | n | fetlock | W7 | |
| fot | n | foot | W7 | |
| paun | n | pawn | W7 | |
| pewe | n | pew | W7 | |
| trevet | n | trivet | W7 | |
| vampe | n | sock | W7 | |
| English: | antipodes | n.pl | direct/diametrical opposites | AHD |
| apodal | adj | having no feet/analogous appendages | AHD/W7 | |
| appoggiatura | n | embellishing note/tone preceding essential melodic note/tone | AHD/W7 | |
| barefoot | adj/adv | unshod, without footwear | W7 | |
| cypripedium | n | leafy-stemmed terrestrial orchid | AHD/W7 | |
| diapedesis | n | blood cell passage through capillaries into tissues | AHD/W7 | |
| expedite | vb.trans | to execute promptly | AHD/W7 | |
| fetch | vb | to go/come after and bring/take back | AHD/W7 | |
| fetlock | n | projection bearing hair tuft on back of leg above hoof (of horse) | AHD/W7 | |
| fetter | n | chain/shackle for foot/feet | AHD/W7 | |
| Firefoot | prop.n | Eomer's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| foot, feet | n.str | end(s) of vertebrate leg(s) upon which individual stands | AHD/W7 | |
| footpad | n | one who robs pedestrians | AHD/W7 | |
| Harfoots | prop.n.pl | hobbit tribe in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| impair | vb.trans | to damage, diminish in value/strength/quantity | AHD/W7 | |
| impeach | vb.trans | to bring accusation against | AHD/W7 | |
| impeccable | adj | not able/liable to sin | AHD/W7 | |
| impede | vb.trans | to block, interfere with progress of | AHD/W7 | |
| Lightfoot | prop.n | Snowmane's dam in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| lycopodium | n | erect/creeping club moss | AHD/W7 | |
| millipede | n | myriopod having cylindrical segmented body | AHD/W7 | |
| monopodium | n | (plant with) single main axis of growth | AHD | |
| octopus | n | 8-armed cephalopod mollusk | AHD/W7 | |
| Oedipus | prop.n | man who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| pada | n | foot: Sanskrit poetic metric unit | AHD | |
| paisa | n | SE Asian currency unit | AHD | |
| pajama(s) | n | loose lightweight trousers | AHD/W7 | |
| parallelepiped | n | prism with parallelogram bases | AHD/W7 | |
| pawn | n | something delivered/deposited as security for loan | AHD/W7 | |
| peccadillo | n | slight offense | AHD/W7 | |
| peccant | adj | sinful, guilty of moral offense | AHD/W7 | |
| peccavi | n | acknowledgment of sin | AHD/W7 | |
| -ped | n.sfx | foot | AHD/W7 | |
| pedal | adj | re: foot | AHD/W7 | |
| pedal | n | lever acted on by foot | AHD/W7 | |
| pedate | adj | having a foot | AHD/W7 | |
| pedestrian | adj | afoot, walking, going on foot | AHD/OED | |
| pedestrian | n | walker, one going on foot | W7 | |
| pedicel | n | slender plant stalk | AHD/W7 | |
| pedicure | n | cosmetic care of feet/toenails | AHD | |
| peduncle | n | stalk bearing flower (cluster) | AHD/W7 | |
| pejoration | n | process/condition of worsening/degenerating | AHD | |
| pelecypod | adj | re: hatchet-shaped foot | AHD/CDC | |
| pelecypod | n | bivalve mollusk: clam, scallop, oyster | AHD | |
| peon | n | footman, foot-soldier | AHD/W7 | |
| pes | n | distal segment of vertebrate hind limb | AHD/W7 | |
| pessimism | n | inclination to emphasize adversity | AHD/W7 | |
| pew | n | compartment (in church) with several seats | AHD/W7 | |
| phalarope | n | small shore bird resembling sandpiper | AHD/W7 | |
| pie | n | early monetary unit of India/Pakistan | AHD/W7 | |
| pilot | n | helmsman, one who steers ship | AHD/W7 | |
| pioneer | n | member of military unit of construction engineers | AHD/W7 | |
| platypus | n | small aquatic oviparous mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| -pod | n.sfx | (part resembling) foot | AHD/W7 | |
| podiatry | n | chiropody | AHD/W7 | |
| podite | n | segment of arthropod limb | AHD | |
| podium | n | pedestal, elevated platform | AHD | |
| podophyllin | n | bitter resin from May apple root | AHD | |
| podzol | n | leached soil under cool humid vegetation | AHD | |
| polyp | n | coelenterate having typically hollow cylindrical body | AHD/W7 | |
| polypod | adj | having many feet | AHD | |
| Proudfoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| pseudopod | n | cellular membrane extension with which some cells/organisms move | TLL | |
| Puddifoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| pug | n | footprint | AHD/W7 | |
| rhizopus | n | mold fungus causing decay | AHD/W7 | |
| scaphopod | n/adj | tooth-shell mollusk; having foot fit for burrowing | AHD | |
| sesquipedal | adj | sesquipedalian | AHD | |
| sesquipedalian | adj | one and a half feet tall/long | AHD | |
| sympodium | n | primary stem/axis developed from short lateral branches | AHD | |
| teapoy | n | 3-legged ornamental stand | AHD/W7 | |
| theropod | n | large carnivorous saurischian dinosaur | AHD | |
| trapezium | n | quadrilateral with no parallel sides | AHD/W7 | |
| tripedal | adj | having 3 feet | AHD | |
| trivet | n | tripod, 3-legged stand | AHD/W7 | |
| vamp | n | part of shoe/boot-upper covering forepart of foot | AHD/W7 | |
| Whitfoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Wingfoot | prop.n | man a.k.a. Strider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| xenopus | n | aquatic tongueless clawed frog | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | faka | vb | to fetch, prepare, make ready | ASD |
| fot | n.masc | foot | ASD | |
| Frisian: | foet | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| Dutch: | veter | n | lace | TLL |
| voet | n.masc | foot | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fōt, fuot | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| Low German: | voot | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| Old High German: | fuoz | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| Middle High German: | vuoz | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| German: | Fuß | n.masc | foot | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | feta | vb | to step, proceed in | LRC |
| fótr | n.masc | foot; leg | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | fōtr | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| Danish: | fod | n.masc/fem | foot | ASD |
| Swedish: | fot | n.masc | foot | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fōtus | n.str.masc | foot | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | persom-e | n | ground | RPN |
| peřum | n | ground | RPN | |
| Latin: | antipodes | n.pl | people having feet opposite ours | AHD |
| expedio, expedire | vb | to arrange, replace, set free | W7 | |
| expeditus | vb.ptc | arranged, replaced, set free | W7 | |
| impeccabilis | adj | incapable of fault | W7 | |
| impedio, impedīre | vb | to impede | W7 | |
| millepeda | n.fem | small crawling animal | W7 | |
| Oedipus | n.masc | Oedipus | W7 | |
| oppidum, oppidi | n.neut | city | LRC | |
| peccāns, peccāntis | vb.ptc | sinning, making a mistake | W7 | |
| peccatum | n.neut | sin, mistake | W7 | |
| peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum | vb | to sin, stumble, commit a fault | W7 | |
| pedalis | adj | re: feet | W7 | |
| pedatus | adj | ill set on his feet | W7 | |
| pedes | n.masc | pedestrian | W7 | |
| pedester, pedestris, pedestre | adj | pedestrian | W7 | |
| pedica | n.fem | trap, fetter | W7 | |
| pediculus | n.masc.dim | little foot | W7 | |
| pēs, pedis | n.masc | foot | RPN | |
| pessimus | adj.sup | worst | W7 | |
| podium | n.neut | podium, parapet | W7 | |
| polypus | n.masc | polyp, octopus | W7 | |
| tripes, tripedis | adj | three-footed | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | Cypris | prop.n.fem | Venus | W7 |
| impedico, impedicāre | vb | to fetter | W7 | |
| pejoro, pejorāre | vb | to make worse | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | pedo | n.masc | peon | W7 |
| New Latin: | cypripedium | n.neut | Lady's Slipper (orchid), lit. sandal of Venus | W7 |
| diapedesis | n.fem | oozing through | W7 | |
| lycopodium | n.neut | (genus name) | W7 | |
| Octopus | n.masc | (genus name) | W7 | |
| pedicellus | n.masc.dim | little foot | W7 | |
| pedunculus | n.masc | peduncle | W7 | |
| phalaropus | n.masc | small shorebird | W7 | |
| platypus | n.masc | small aquatic mammal | W7 | |
| rhizopus | n.masc | (genus of) mold fungi | W7 | |
| trapezium | n.neut | small table | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | pé | n | foot | TLL |
| peão | n.masc | peon | W7 | |
| Spanish: | pecadillo | n.masc.dim | small sin, unimportant thing | W7 |
| pecado | n.masc | sin | W7 | |
| pie | n | foot | TLL | |
| Old French: | avantpié | n.masc | fore foot | W7 |
| peon | n.masc | peon | W7 | |
| peonier | n.masc | peon | W7 | |
| Middle French: | empeechier | vb | to hinder | W7 |
| empeirer | vb | to make worse | W7 | |
| pan | n.masc | pane of cloth | W7 | |
| pédale | n.fem | pedal | W7 | |
| pilote | n.masc | pilot (of ship) | W7 | |
| pionier | n.masc | peon, settler | W7 | |
| polype | n.masc | octopus, nasal tumor | W7 | |
| puie | n.fem | balustrade | W7 | |
| French: | pessimisme | n.masc | pessimism | W7 |
| phalarope | n.masc | small shorebird | W7 | |
| pied | n | foot | TLL | |
| pion | n.masc | peon | W7 | |
| Italian: | appoggiare | vb | to lean on | AHD |
| appoggiatura | n.fem | leaning, resting | CID/W7 | |
| pedale | n.masc | pedal | W7 | |
| piede | n | foot | TLL | |
| pilòta | n.masc | pilot | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pãdas | n | shoe, sole of foot | LRC |
| pėsčias, pėsčià | adj | on foot | LRC | |
| Latvian: | acupedius | adj | swift-footed | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pasti, padǫ, padeši | vb | to fall | LRC |
| pods | n | ground | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πούς, ποδός | n.masc | foot | LRC |
| Greek: | antipous | adj | with feet opposite | AHD |
| apous | adj | without feet | W7 | |
| diapēdan | vb | to ooze through | W7 | |
| diapēdēsis | n.fem | act of oozing through | W7 | |
| epipedon | n.neut | plane surface | W7 | |
| epipedos | adj | flat | W7 | |
| Oidipous | n.masc | Oedipus | W7 | |
| parallēlepipedon | n.neut | 6-faced polygon of parallelograms | W7 | |
| parallēlos | adj | parallel | W7 | |
| pedilon | n.neut | sandal | W7 | |
| πέδον | n.neut | ground, earth | RPN | |
| peza | n.fem | ankle | W7 | |
| pēda | n.neut.pl | steering oars | W7 | |
| pēdan | vb | to leap | W7 | |
| pēdon | n.neut | oar | W7 | |
| platypous | adj | flat-footed | W7 | |
| podion | n.neut | base, little foot | W7 | |
| polypous | n.masc | polyp, octopus | W7 | |
| ποῦς | n.masc | foot | LRC | |
| trapeza | n.fem | table | W7 | |
| trapezion | n.neut | small table | W7 | |
| phalaris | n.fem | coot | W7 | |
| phalios | adj | with white spot | W7 | |
| Medieval Greek: | pēdōtēs | n.masc | ship's pilot | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | pa-ta-aš | n | foot | RPN |
| pati- | n | foot | LRC | |
| Lycian: | pddãt- | n | place | RPN |
| pddẽn- | n | place, precinct | RPN | |
| Hittite: | pata- | n | foot | LRC |
| pí-e-da-an | n | place | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | otn | n | foot | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | pā | n | leg | W7 |
| Avestan: | pad- | n | foot | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | padám | n | step, track, spot | RPN |
| pā́t | n | foot | RPN | |
| pādikā | n | quarter | W7 | |
| Hindi: | tipaī | n | three-legged ornamental stand | W7 |
| pag | n | foot | W7 | |
| pāī | n | former monetary unit of India | W7 | |
| pājāma | n | pajamas | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ptsa | n | foot | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | päts | n | foot | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
