Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3b. pel-, pelə-, plē- 'to wrap, cover; cloth; fell, pelt'
Semantic Field(s): to Wind, Wrap, to Cover, Cloth, Skin, Hide
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | peall | n.masc | couch, covering | W7 |
| pillion | n.fem | couch, covering | W7 | |
| pillīn | n.fem | pack-saddle | IED/W7 | |
| Scots Gaelic: | peall | n.masc | couch, covering | W7 |
| pillean, pillion | n.masc | cushion | GE/W7 | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fēlan, fiolan | vb.str.III | to stick, adhere; reach, penetrate | ASD |
| fel(l) | n.neut | fell, fur | RPN | |
| fēolan, fealh, fulgon, folen | vb.str.III | to stick, adhere; reach, penetrate | LRC | |
| film(en), fylmen | n.neut | film | RPN | |
| Middle English: | erisipila | n | erysipelas | W7 |
| fell | n | fell | W7 | |
| filme | n | film | W7 | |
| pelt | n | pelt | W7 | |
| peltry | n | peltry | W7 | |
| surplis | n | surplice | W7 | |
| English: | erysipelas | n | acute febrile disease caused by hemolytic streptococcus | AHD/W7 |
| fell | n | hide, skin, pelt | AHD/W7 | |
| film | n | pellicle, thin skin/membranous covering | AHD/W7 | |
| Hasufel | prop.n | Aragorn's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| microfilm | n | photographic record of reduced-size image(s) | W7 | |
| pelisse | n | long coat/cloak made/lined/trimmed with fur | AHD/W7 | |
| pellicle | n | thin skin/film | AHD/W7 | |
| pelt | n | (animal) skin/hide with hair/wool/fur | AHD/W7 | |
| peltate | adj | shield-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| peltry | n | furs, pelts | AHD/W7 | |
| pillion | n | light saddle for women | AHD/W7 | |
| surplice | n | loose white knee-length outer vestment worn by clergymen | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bi-fella | vb | to conceal, commit | RPN |
| fel | n.neut | fell | ASD | |
| Dutch: | pels | n | pelt, fur | TLL |
| vel | n.neut | fell | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fel | n.neut | fell | ASD |
| Old High German: | fel | n.neut | fell | RPN |
| Middle High German: | vël | n.neut | fell | ASD |
| German: | Fell | n.neut | fell | ASD |
| Pelz | n | pelt, fur | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fela | vb | to hide; commend, make over | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | fjall | n.neut | fell | RPN |
| fylgsni | n | hiding-place | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | fell | n.neut | fell | ASD |
| Danish: | pels | n | pelt, fur | TLL |
| Swedish: | päls | n | pelt, fur | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | filhan | vb | to bury, conceal | RPN |
| fill | n.neut | fell | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | palla | n | garment worn by women of Rome | RPN |
| pallium | n | cover, covering | RPN | |
| pallula | n | small cloak/mantle | RPN | |
| pellicius | adj | made of pelt(s) | W7 | |
| pellicula | n.fem | small fell/pelt | W7 | |
| pellis, pellis | n.fem | fell/pelt | LRC | |
| pelta | n.fem | small shield (made of hide) | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | pellicia | n.fem | pelisse | W7 |
| pellicius | adj | made of skin | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | pellicium | n.neut | coat of skins | W7 |
| pellicula | n.fem | pellicle | W7 | |
| superpellicium | n.neut | surplice | W7 | |
| New Latin: | peltatus | vb.ptc | armed with shield | W7 |
| Old French: | surpliz | n.masc | surplice | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | pelterie | n.fem | fell, fur | W7 |
| Middle French: | pellicule | n.fem | pellicle, film | W7 |
| French: | pelisse | n.fem | type of fur coat | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | pelkis | n | cloak | RPN |
| Lithuanian: | plėvė̃ | n | membrane | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | pleva | n | membrane | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | erysipelas | adj | red skinned | W7 |
| -pelas | afx | fell | W7 | |
| πέλλα | n.fem | fell, leather | ASD | |
| πελλοράφος | n | sewing skins together | RPN | |
| πέλμα | n | sole (of foot/shoe) | RPN | |
| pelma | n.neut | sole of the foot | W7 | |
| peltē | n.fem | small shield (made of hide) | W7 | |
| ῥάπτω | vb | to sew together | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | paṭa-ḥ | n | cloth, garment, blanket | RPN |
| paṭála-m | n | veil, cover | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
