Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3a. pel- 'to fold'
Semantic Field(s): to Fold
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | -feald | sfx | -fold | W7 |
fealdan | vb | to fold, wrap | W7 | |
fēlan | vb.wk | to feel | ASD/W7 | |
manig-feald | adj | manifold | W7 | |
Middle English: | felen | vb | to feel | W7 |
-fold | sfx | -fold | W7 | |
folden | vb | to fold | W7 | |
manifold | adj | manifold | W7 | |
multiplien | vb | to multiply | W7 | |
triple | adj/n | triple | W7 | |
triplen | vb | to triple | W7 | |
English: | -blastic | sfx | having germ layer(s) | AHD/W7 |
decuple | adj | tenfold, having 10 units/members | AHD/W7 | |
double | adj | having 2 units/members | LRC | |
double | vb | to make doubly great/many | AHD/W7 | |
eightfold | adj | 8 times the number/quantity | AHD | |
faldstool | n | folding stool/chair | AHD/W7 | |
faltboat | n | small folding boat/collapsible canoe | AHD/W7 | |
fauteuil | n | upholstered armchair with open sides | AHD | |
feel, felt | vb.str | to touch with tactile sensation | AHD/W7 | |
-fold | sfx | times, multiplied by | AHD/W7 | |
fold | vb | to lay/bend one part over another | AHD/W7 | |
fourfold | adj | quadruple, 4 times the number/quantity | LRC | |
furbelow | n | ruffle, pleated/gathered material | AHD/W7 | |
manifold | adj | lit. many-fold | W7 | |
multiple | adj | more than one | AHD/W7 | |
multiply | vb | to increase in number | W7 | |
quadruple | adj | having 4 units/members | AHD/W7 | |
quintuple | adj | having 5 units/members | AHD/W7 | |
septuple | adj | having 7 units/members | AHD | |
sextuple | adj | having 6 units/members | AHD/W7 | |
threefold | adj | triple, 3 times the number/quantity | W7 | |
triple | adj | having 3 units/members | AHD/W7 | |
triple | n | threefold sum/number/quantity | AHD/W7 | |
triple | vb | to make triply great/many | AHD/W7 | |
triploblastic | adj | having 3 primary germ layers | AHD/W7 | |
twofold | adj | double, 2 times the number/quantity | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | -fald | sfx | -fold | ASD |
fēla | vb | to feel | ASD | |
Frisian: | fielen | vb | to feel | ASD |
Dutch: | voelen | vb | to feel | ASD |
vouwen | vb | to fold | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | -fald | sfx | -fold | ASD |
gi-fōlian | vb | to feel | ASD | |
manag-fald | adj | manifold, multiplex | ASD | |
Low German: | fölen | vb | to feel | ASD |
Old High German: | faldan | vb | to fold | W7 |
-falt | sfx | -fold | W7 | |
faltistuol | n | folding chair | W7 | |
fuolēn, fuoljan | vb | to feel | ASD | |
manag-fald | adj | manifold, multiplex | ASD | |
Middle High German: | valden, valten | vb | to fold | ASD |
-valt | sfx | -fold | ASD | |
vüelen | vb | to feel | ASD | |
German: | faltboot | n | folding boat | W7 |
falten | vb | to fold | W7 | |
fühlen | vb | to feel | ASD | |
mannigfaltig | adj | manifold, multiplex | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | feldr | n.masc | cloak | LRC |
Icelandic: | falda | vb | to fold | ASD |
Danish: | folde | vb | to fold | ASD |
föle | vb | to feel | ASD | |
involde | n | intestines | TLL | |
Swedish: | fålla | vb | to fold | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | falþan | vb | to fold | ASD |
-falþs | sfx | -fold | ASD | |
manag-falþs | adj | manifold | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | multiplex | adj | multiple, manifold | W7 |
-plex | sfx | -fold | W7 | |
-plus | sfx | multiplied by | W7 | |
quadruplus | adj | quadruple | W7 | |
triplus | adj | triple | W7 | |
Late Latin: | decuplus | adj | decuple | W7 |
quintuplex | adj | multiplied by 5 | W7 | |
triplo, triplāre | vb | to triple | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | sextuplus | adj | sextuple | W7 |
Old French: | multiplier | vb | to multiply | W7 |
Middle French: | décuple | adj | decuple | W7 |
quadruple | adj | quadruple | W7 | |
quintuple | adj | quintuple | W7 | |
triple | adj | triple | W7 | |
French: | décupler | vb | to multiply by 10 | W7 |
multiple | adj | multiple, manifold | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | diplasios | adj | twofold | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |