Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peli-s-, pel-s- 'fell, rock'
Semantic Field(s): Hill, Mountain, Rock, Stone
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ail | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | fell | n | fell | OED |
| English: | fell | n | hill, mountain, rocky/stony place | OED |
| fjeld | n | barren upland plateau | AHD/W7 | |
| hornfels | n | fine-grained metamorphic rock | AHD | |
| troll-fells | n | rocky area of trolls in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | fel(i)s | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| Old High German: | felis(a) | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| German: | Fels | n.masc | rock | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fjall | n.neut | fell | LRC |
| fjalltindr | n.masc | hilltop, mountain top | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | fell | n.neut | fell | RPN |
| Danish: | fjeld | n | fjeld, fell | OED/W7 |
| Swedish: | fiäll | n | fell | OED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πέλλα | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Pushto: | parṣ̌a | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pāṣāṇá-ḥ | n | rock, stone | RPN |
| pāṣyā̀ | n | rock, stone | RPN | |
| Pali: | pāsāṇa- | n | rock, stone | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
