Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pen-, pen-ko- 'mud, fen, swamp, water; wet'
Semantic Field(s): Mud, Mire, Water, Wet, Damp
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fen(n), fæn(n) | n.masc/neut | fen, marsh; mud, dirt | ASD |
| Middle English: | fen | n | fen | W7 |
| English: | fen | n | lowland covered wholly/partly by water | AHD/W7 |
| Fenmarch | prop.n | east Rohan border in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Scots English: | fen | n | fen | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fen(n)e | n | fen | ASD |
| Frisian: | finne | n | fen | ASD |
| Dutch: | veen | n.neut | fen | ASD |
| Low German: | fenne | n | fen | ASD |
| Old High German: | fenna, fenne | n.str.neut | fen, marsh | W7 |
| German: | Fenn | n.neut | fen | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fen | n.neut | fen, bog, quagmire | LRC |
| Icelandic: | fen | n.neut | fen, quagmire | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fani | n.neut | fen, mud, dirt | ASD |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | paṅka | n | mud | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
