Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: penku̯e 'five, fifth'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cōic | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| cōiced | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Irish: | cúig | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | còig | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| Manx: | queig | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| Cornish: | pemp | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| Old Welsh: | pimp | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| pimphet | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fīf | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| fīfta | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| fīftig | nbr.card | fifty (50) | W7 | |
| finger | n.masc | finger | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | cink | nbr.card | cinque | W7 |
| fifty | nbr.card | fifty (50) | W7 | |
| finger | n | finger | W7 | |
| five | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 | |
| penta- | pfx | penta- | W7 | |
| quintaine | n | quintain | W7 | |
| English: | cinquain | n | five-line stanza | AHD/W7 |
| cinque | nbr.card | five (5) | AHD/W7 | |
| femto- | pfx | one quadrillionth | AHD | |
| fifth | nbr.ord | 5th | LRC | |
| fifty | nbr.card | 50 | AHD/W7 | |
| fin | n | 5-dollar bill | AHD/W7 | |
| finger | n | any of hand's 5 terminating members | AHD/W7 | |
| five | nbr.card | 5 | AHD/W7 | |
| keno | n | game resembling lotto | AHD/W7 | |
| penstemon | n | beardtongue: flowering plant with many seeds | AHD | |
| penta- | pfx | five (5) | AHD/W7 | |
| pentad | n | five (5) | AHD/W7 | |
| pentagon | n | polygon of five sides/angles | AHD/W7 | |
| pentameter | n | verse containing 5 feet | AHD/W7 | |
| pentastich | n | poem/stanza with five lines | AHD | |
| Pentateuch | prop.n | first 5 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. five containers | LRC | |
| pentathlon | n | athletic contest: 5 different events | AHD/W7 | |
| Pentecost | prop.n | 50th day after Passover/Easter | LRC | |
| punch | n | beverage: wine/liquor, fruit juice, sugar, spices, tea/water | AHD/W7 | |
| quinate | adj | in groups of five | AHD | |
| quincentenary | n/adj | fifth centennial; re: 500 years | AHD | |
| quincunx | n | five-twelfths (5/12) | AHD/W7 | |
| quinquagenarian | n | person in his/her fifties | AHD | |
| Quinquagesima | prop.n | Sunday 50 days (incl.) before Easter in Christian calendar | LRC | |
| quinque- | pfx | five (5) | AHD/W7 | |
| quint | n | sequence of 5 cards in same suit | AHD/W7 | |
| quintain | n | object to be tilted at | AHD/W7 | |
| quintet | n | musical movement/composition for 5 voices/instruments | AHD/W7 | |
| quintile | n | aspect of planets separated 72 degrees (1/5 of circle) | AHD/W7 | |
| quintillion | nbr.card | 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (U.S.) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fif | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| fing(e)r | n.masc | finger | ASD | |
| Frisian: | finger | n | finger | ASD |
| fyf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD | |
| Dutch: | vijf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| vinger | n.masc | finger | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fīf, vīf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| fingar | n.masc | finger | ASD | |
| Low German: | five, fiwe | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| Old High German: | fifto | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| fimf, finf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD | |
| fingar | n.masc | finger | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | finger | n.masc | finger | ASD |
| vunf, vünf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD | |
| German: | Finger | n.masc | finger | ASD |
| fünf | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD | |
| fünfzig | nbr.card | fifty (50) | LRC | |
| Yiddish: | finf | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fimm | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| fimmtān | nbr.card | fifteen (15) | AHD | |
| fimti | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Icelandic: | fingr | n.masc | finger | ASD |
| Norwegian: | femten | nbr.card | fifteen (15) | AHD |
| Danish: | fem | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| femten | nbr.card | fifteen (15) | AHD | |
| finger | n.masc/fem | finger | ASD | |
| Swedish: | fem | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD |
| finger | n.masc/neut | finger | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | figgrs | n.masc | finger | ASD |
| fi(m)f | nbr.card | five (5) | ASD | |
| fimfta- | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *fynf, fyuf | nbr.card | five (5) | CGo/EIE |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pentameter | n.masc | pentameter | W7 |
| quincunx, quincuncis | adj | five-twelfths (5/12) | W7 | |
| quinquāgēsima | n.fem | tax of the fiftieth | W7 | |
| quinquagesimus | adj | fiftieth | W7 | |
| quinquaginta | nbr.card | fifty (50) | W7 | |
| quīnque | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 | |
| quintana | n.fem | street in Roman camp (separating 5th maniple from 6th) used for military exercises | W7 | |
| quintanus | adj | fifth in rank | W7 | |
| Quintilis | prop.n | fifth month (in old Roman calendar) | LRC | |
| quīntus | adj/nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cinq | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 |
| quintaine | n.fem | street in Roman camp used for exercise | W7 | |
| French: | cinq | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 |
| quine | n.fem | set of 5 winning lottery numbers | W7 | |
| quint | adj | fifth | W7 | |
| quinte | n.fem | group of 5 | W7 | |
| quintette | n.masc | quintet, band with 5 instruments | W7 | |
| Italian: | quintetto | n.masc | quintet, party of 5 persons | W7 |
| quinto | adj | fifth | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | piēncts | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | penkì, peñkios | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| peñktas | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Latvian: | pìektais | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pętŭ | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| pętь | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC | |
| Russian: | pjatĭ | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| pjátyj | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | pesë | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| pestë | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Gheg: | pêsë | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Aeolic: | πέμπε | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| Homeric Greek: | πέντε | nbr.card | five (5) | LRC |
| πεντήκοντα | nbr.card | fifty (50) | LRC | |
| Greek: | πέμπτος | adj/nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | LRC |
| pentagōnon | n.neut | pentagon | W7 | |
| pentagōnos | adj | pentagonal | W7 | |
| pentathlon | n.neut | pentathlon | W7 | |
| pentametros | adj | having five metrical feet | W7 | |
| pentas | n.fem | group of five | W7 | |
| πεντηκοστή | n.fem | Pentecost | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | hing | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | panča | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| puxδa- | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pakthá- | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| paṅkti- | n | group of five | EIE | |
| páñca | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 | |
| Hindi: | pāc | nbr.card | five (5) | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | piṅkte | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE |
| piś | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE | |
| Tocharian A: | päñ | nbr.card | five (5) | EIE |
| pänt | nbr.ord | fifth (5th) | EIE | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
