Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2a. per- 'to pass over/beyond'
Semantic Field(s): to Move, to Overtake
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-fōran, bi-fōran | prep/adv | before | ASD/W7 |
| feor | prep | far from | LRC | |
| feor(r), fior | adv | far | ASD/W7 | |
| firn, fyrn | adj/adv | old, ancient; formerly | ASD/IEW | |
| for- | pfx | for- | ASD/W7 | |
| for(an) | adv/prep | forth, before, in front of | RPN | |
| fore- | pfx | fore- | ASD/W7 | |
| fore | prep/adv | for, before, formerly | LRC | |
| forma | adj | first, earliest | LRC | |
| formest | adj.sup | foremost | W7 | |
| forþ | adj/adv | forth, thence | LRC | |
| forðian | vb.wk | to carry out | ASD/W7 | |
| fram | adj | bold, stout, valiant, competent | IEW | |
| fram | prep/adv | from, away | RPN | |
| framian | vb | to benefit, make progress | W7 | |
| frēa, frēo | n.masc | lord, master | ASD | |
| from | prep | from | W7 | |
| frum | adj | first, original, primitive | RPN | |
| frum-gār | n.masc | leader, chieftain, patriarch, lit. first-spear | ASD | |
| furðor, furður | adv.comp | further | ASD/W7 | |
| fyr(me)st, formest | adj.sup | first | ASD/RPN | |
| geforðian | vb | to carry out | W7 | |
| prēost | n.masc | priest | ASD/W7 | |
| prīm | n | prime, first hour | ASD/W7 | |
| prūd, prūt | adj | proud, arrogant | ASD/W7 | |
| prȳde, prȳte | n.fem | pride | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | aforthen | vb | to afford | W7 |
| ap(p)rochen | vb | to approach | CDC/W7 | |
| appropriaten | vb | to appropriate | W7 | |
| approven, aproeven, ap(p)reven | vb | to approve | CDC/W7 | |
| approximate | adj | approximate | AHD | |
| barde | n | bard | AHD | |
| before | adv/prep | before | W7 | |
| depriven | vb | to deprive | W7 | |
| first | adj | first | W7 | |
| for- | pfx | for- | W7 | |
| for | adv | wherefore | W7 | |
| for(e)- | pfx | fore- | W7 | |
| fore | prep | before | W7 | |
| forme | adj.sup | first | W7 | |
| former(e) | adj.comp | former, ancestor | W7 | |
| formest | adj.sup | first, foremost | W7 | |
| forth | adv/prep | along, henceforth | W7 | |
| fra(e) | adv/prep | frae | W7 | |
| framen | vb | to construct, benefit | W7 | |
| fro | adv/prep | from | W7 | |
| from | prep | from | W7 | |
| froward | adj | froward | W7 | |
| furnisshen | vb | to furnish | W7 | |
| further | adv | further | W7 | |
| inprimis | adv | imprimis | W7 | |
| para- | pfx | para- | W7 | |
| pre- | pfx | pre- | W7 | |
| pre(i)st | n | priest | W7 | |
| pr(e)ove | n | proof | W7 | |
| primat(e) | n | first place | W7 | |
| primier | adj | premier | W7 | |
| primitif | adj | primitive | W7 | |
| principal | n | principal | W7 | |
| principle | n | principle | W7 | |
| prio(u)r(e) | n | prior, administrator | W7 | |
| prive, pryve | adj | private | W7 | |
| privite, pryvete | n | privity, secret counsel | W7 | |
| pro- | pfx | pro- | W7 | |
| pro | n | pro | W7 | |
| probable | adj | probable | W7 | |
| prone | adj | prone | W7 | |
| propinquite | n | propinquity | W7 | |
| propre | adj | proper, distinct | W7 | |
| proprete | n | property | W7 | |
| prouesse | n | prowess | W7 | |
| prove | n | proof | W7 | |
| proven | vb | to prove | W7 | |
| prow | n | profit, advantage | W7 | |
| pryde | n | pride | W7 | |
| pryme | n | prime | W7 | |
| pryns, prynce | n | prince | W7 | |
| purchacen | vb | to purchase | W7 | |
| reproche | n | reproach | W7 | |
| reproven | vb | to reprove | W7 | |
| English: | afford | vb.trans | to manage to bear (cost of) without major loss/detriment | AHD/W7 |
| approach | vb | to near, draw closer to | AHD/W7 | |
| appropriate | vb.trans | to annex, take exclusive possession of | AHD/W7 | |
| approve | vb | to attest, prove | AHD/W7 | |
| approximate | adj | nearly exact/correct | AHD/W7 | |
| arpent | n | French land area unit | AHD/W7 | |
| bard | n | horse armor/ornament | AHD/W7 | |
| before | adv | ahead, in advance | AHD/W7 | |
| deprive | vb.trans | to remove | AHD/W7 | |
| expropriate | vb.trans | to deprive of possession/proprietary rights | AHD/W7 | |
| far | adv | at/to considerable spatial distance | AHD/W7 | |
| farther | adj/adv.comp | further, at greater distance | AHD/W7 | |
| first | adj/adv | foremost, preceded by none | AHD/W7 | |
| Firstborn | prop.n | the Elves in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| for- | pfx | re: neglect, failure, refusal, omission, exclusion, prohibition | AHD/W7 | |
| for | prep | re: goal, purpose, destination | AHD/W7 | |
| fore- | pfx | (occurring) earlier, beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
| fore | prep/adv | before; formerly | AHD/W7 | |
| forefather | n | ancestor | AHD/W7 | |
| forego | vb | to precede, go before | AHD/W7 | |
| forehead | n | facial part above eyes | AHD/W7 | |
| Forelithe | prop.n | Shire calendar's June in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| foremast | n | mast nearest ship's bow | W7 | |
| foremost | adj | first in series/progression | AHD/W7 | |
| Foreyule | prop.n | Shire calendar's December in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| former | adj | being/coming before (in time) | AHD/W7 | |
| Forn | prop.n | a.k.a. Tom Bombadil in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| forth | adv | forward, onward in time/place/order | AHD/W7 | |
| frae | prep | from | AHD/W7 | |
| Fram | prop.n | horse-folk lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| frame | vb | to go, proceed | AHD/W7 | |
| Frau | tit | Mrs. | LRC | |
| Fraulein | tit | Miss | AHD | |
| Fréa | prop.n | 4th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Fréaláf | prop.n | 10th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Fréawine | prop.n | 5th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Frey | prop.n | god of crops/fertility/peace/prosperity (Norse mythology) | W7 | |
| Frey(j)a | prop.n | goddess of love/beauty (Norse mythology) | W2I | |
| fro | prep | from | AHD/W7 | |
| from | prep | re: source, starting point, separation | AHD/W7 | |
| froward | adj | habitually disposed to opposition/disobedience | AHD/W7 | |
| frump | n | dowdy unattractive female | AHD/W7 | |
| frumple | vb | to wrinkle | OED | |
| furnish | vb.trans | to provide with necessities | AHD/W7 | |
| furniture | n | useful/necessary/desirable equipment | AHD/W7 | |
| further | adj/adv.comp | farther, at greater distance | AHD/W7 | |
| galore | adj | abundant, plentiful | AHD | |
| imprimis | adv | in first place | AHD/W7 | |
| improbity | n | dishonesty, lack of probity/integrity | AHD/W7 | |
| improve | vb | to make greater in degree/amount | AHD/W7 | |
| naprapathy | n | treatment of disease by joint/muscle/ligament manipulation | AHD | |
| palanquin | n | covered litter borne on poles | AHD/W7 | |
| para- | pfx | beyond, beside, alongside, aside from | AHD/W7 | |
| paramount | adj | of chief concern/importance | AHD | |
| per- | pfx | throughout, thoroughly | AHD/W7 | |
| per | prep | through, by means/agency of | AHD/W7 | |
| percurrent | adj | running through entire length | AHD/CDC | |
| perestroika | n | mid-1980's restructuring of Soviet economy/bureaucracy | AHD | |
| peri- | pfx | about, all around | AHD/W7 | |
| perigee | n | orbital point nearest earth's center | AHD | |
| perihelion | n | orbital point nearest sun's center | AHD | |
| perinephrium | n | fatty connective tissue surrounding kidney | AHD | |
| periostracum | n | hard protective covering of mollusk shell | AHD | |
| periproct | n | area around invertebrat anus | AHD | |
| peripteral | adj | surrounded by single row of columns | AHD | |
| perissodactyl | adj | having toes in odd numbers/uneven disposition | AHD/W7 | |
| perplexed | adj | puzzled, filled with confusion/bewilderment | AHD | |
| praedial | adj | landed, re: land | AHD | |
| pr(a)eter- | pfx | beyond | TLL | |
| pram | n | small lightweight (almost) flat-bottomed boat | AHD/W7 | |
| pre- | pfx | before, prior to, earlier than | AHD/W7 | |
| premier | adj | principal, first in rank/position/importance | AHD/W7 | |
| premier | n | prime minister | AHD/W7 | |
| presbyopia | n | inability of old eyes to focus sharply | AHD | |
| presbyter | n | elder, member of governing body in early Christian church | AHD/W7 | |
| prescience | n | foresight, knowledge of events/actions before occurrence | AHD | |
| prescient | adj | foreknowing, re: prescience | AHD | |
| pride | n | being proud | AHD/W7 | |
| priest | n | one authorized to perform sacred religious rites | AHD/W7 | |
| primal | adj | primary, original, being first | AHD | |
| primary | adj | primitive, first in time/development | AHD/W7 | |
| primate | n | bishop having precedence in province/nation | AHD/W7 | |
| primavera | n | white mahogany: tall tree with light-colored wood | AHD | |
| prime | adj | original, first in time | AHD/W7 | |
| prime | n | second of canonical hours | AHD/W7 | |
| primeval | adj | primal, ancient, re: first/earliest age(s) | AHD | |
| primipara | n | female bearing first offspring | AHD/W7 | |
| primitive | adj | primary, original, not derived | AHD/W7 | |
| primo | adv | first, in first place | AHD/W7 | |
| primo | n | first/leading part (in ensemble) | AHD/W7 | |
| primus | n | first among bishops in Scottish Episcopal Church | AHD/W7 | |
| prince | n | king(-to-be), monarch | AHD/W7 | |
| principal | adj | chief, most important/influential/consequential | AHD/W7 | |
| principle | n | fundamental/comprehensive law/doctrine/assumption | AHD/W7 | |
| prior | n | superior ranking next to abbot (in monastery) | AHD/W7 | |
| pristine | adj | primitive, belonging to earliest state/period | AHD/W7 | |
| private | adj | intended for/affecting particular class/group/person | AHD/W7 | |
| privity | n | joint/private knowledge of private matter | AHD/W7 | |
| privy | adj | belonging/relating to person in individual rather than official capacity | AHD/W7 | |
| pro- | pfx | taking place of, substituting for | AHD/W7 | |
| pro- | pfx | before, prior to, earlier than | AHD/W7 | |
| pro | n | (one holding) affirmative side | AHD/W7 | |
| probable | adj | supported by evidence establishing presumption (not proof) | AHD/W7 | |
| probe | n | slender instrument for examining cavity | AHD/W7 | |
| probity | n | uprightness, adherence to highest ideals/principles | AHD/W7 | |
| proctor | n | procurator | AHD/OED | |
| procurator | n | agent, manager of another's affairs | AHD/CDC | |
| procure | vb | to obtain, acquire, get by special effort | AHD | |
| prodigal | adj | rashly/wastefully extravagant | AHD | |
| prodigality | n | quality of being prodigal | AHD/CDC | |
| proglottid | n | bisexual segment of tapeworm | AHD | |
| prone | adj | disposed, having tendency/inclination | AHD/W7 | |
| proof | n | cogency of evidence compelling acceptance of truth/fact | AHD/W7 | |
| proper | adj | fit, marked by rightness/suitability/appropriateness | AHD/W7 | |
| property | n | trait/quality peculiar/belonging to thing/individual | AHD/W7 | |
| propinquity | n | kinship, nearness of blood | AHD/W7 | |
| proprioception | n | unconscious perception of bodily movement/orientation via internal stimuli | AHD | |
| proprioceptor | n | sensory receptor responding to internal stimuli | AHD | |
| proprium | n | common predicable property of all | AHD | |
| pros- | pfx | near, toward | AHD/W7 | |
| prosciutto | n | aged dry-cured spiced ham | AHD | |
| prosopography | n | statistical study describing people/characters in context | AHD | |
| prostyle | adj | having row of columns across front only | AHD | |
| protein | n | complex amino acid combination | AHD/W7 | |
| Proterozoic | adj | re: geologic eon ca. 2,500-570 million years ago | LRC | |
| prothallus | n | fern gametophyte | AHD | |
| protist | n | unicellular/acellular organism: alga, fungus, bacterium, protozoan, or virus | AHD/W7 | |
| proto- | pfx | first | TLL | |
| protoctist | n | unicellular eukaryotic organism | AHD | |
| proton | n | atomic particle with positive charge | AHD/W7 | |
| protuberance | n | knob, bulge, swelling | AHD | |
| protuberate | vb | to swell, bulge, be prominent | AHD | |
| prove | vb | to experience | AHD/W7 | |
| provenance | n | source, origin | AHD/W7 | |
| provenience | n | source, origin | AHD | |
| prow | adj | gallant, valiant | AHD/W7 | |
| prow | n | stem, bow of ship | AHD/W7 | |
| prowess | n | distinguished bravery | AHD/W7 | |
| proximate | adj | close, very near | AHD/W7 | |
| Purana | prop.n | ancient genre of post-Vedic Hindu/Jain texts | LRC | |
| purchase | vb.trans | to gain, acquire | AHD/W7 | |
| rapprochement | n | establishment/state of cordial relations | AHD/W7 | |
| reciprocal | adj | opposite, inversely related | AHD/W7 | |
| reproach | n | cause/occasion of blame/disgrace/discredit | AHD/W7 | |
| reprove | vb.trans | to (administer) rebuke | AHD/W7 | |
| veer | vb.trans | to let/pay out (e.g. anchor rope/chain) | AHD/W7 | |
| veneer | n | thin sheet of material | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fir, fer | adv | far | ASD |
| forma | adj.sup | first | ASD | |
| forth, ford | adv | forth | ASD | |
| furthor, furdur | adv.comp | further | ASD | |
| prēstere | n | priest | ASD | |
| Frisian: | fier | adv | far | ASD |
| fort, ford | adv | forth | ASD | |
| Old Low Franconian: | fruo | adv | early, in the morning | KLW |
| Middle Dutch: | verrompelen | vb | to frumple | AHD |
| vieren | vb | to veer, slacken | W7 | |
| Dutch: | praam | n | pram | W7 |
| ver(re) | adv | far | ASD | |
| voor | prep | for, before, on behalf of | TLL | |
| voort | adv | forth | ASD | |
| vorst | n.masc | prince | ASD | |
| vrouw | n | wife, woman | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | fer | adv | far | ASD |
| fern | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| formo | adj | first | ASD | |
| forþ | adv | forth | ASD | |
| frāho, frōho, frō(io) | n.masc | lord, master | ASD | |
| fram, vram | prep | from | ASD | |
| furðor | adv.comp | further | ASD | |
| furist | adj.sup | first | RPN | |
| furisto | n | prince | RPN | |
| Old Low German: | prēstar | n | priest | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | prām | n | pram | W7 |
| vīren | vb | to veer | W7 | |
| vrō | adv | early, in the morning | SAO | |
| Low German: | fe(e)re | adv | afar | ASD |
| foorste | n | prince | ASD | |
| Old High German: | fer(ro) | adv | far | ASD/W7 |
| firni | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| fram | adv/prep | forth, away; from | ASD/W7 | |
| Frīa | n | Freya | W7 | |
| frō | n.masc | lord, master | ASD | |
| frouwa | n | lady, mistress | W7 | |
| fruma | n | advantage | W7 | |
| frummen | vb | to further | W7 | |
| fruo | adv | early, in the morning | KDW | |
| fur- | pfx | for- | W7 | |
| furdir | adv.comp | further | ASD | |
| furist | adj.sup | first | W7 | |
| furthar | adj.comp | further | W7 | |
| priestar, prēstar | n | priest | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vërre | adv | far | ASD |
| virne | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| vort | adv | forth | ASD | |
| vürder | adv.comp | further | ASD | |
| German: | fern | adv | far | ASD |
| firn(e) | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| fort | adv | forth | ASD | |
| Frau | tit/n.fem | Mrs.; elder/married woman | W7 | |
| Fräulein | tit/n.neut | Fraulein; young woman | TLL | |
| früh | adv | early, in the morning | LRC | |
| Frühstück | n | breakfast | TLL | |
| für | prep | for | LRC | |
| fürder | adv | moreover | ASD | |
| Furnier | n.neut | veneer | W7 | |
| furnieren | vb | to (apply) veneer | W7 | |
| Fürst | n.masc | prince | ASD | |
| Prinz | n | prince | TLL | |
| vor | prep | before, in front of | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | forða, forðað | vb | to save | LRC |
| forn | adj | old, ancient | LRC | |
| fram | adv | forward, on; away; out | LRC | |
| framan | adv | forward, from the front side | LRC | |
| framr | adj | foremost; excellent, outstanding | LRC | |
| frá | prep | from, concerning | LRC | |
| frest | n.neut | respite | LRC | |
| Freyja | prop.n | Freya, a.k.a. Frigg | W2I | |
| Freyr | prop.n | Frey | W7 | |
| fyrir | prep | before, in front of; against; for, because of | LRC | |
| fyrr | adv | before; first; until | LRC | |
| fyrstr | adj.sup | first | LRC | |
| hús-frú | n | wife | KNW | |
| Icelandic: | fjarri | adv | far off | ASD |
| forn | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| fram | adv | forward | ASD | |
| frā | prep | from | ASD | |
| Freyr | prop.n.masc | Frey | ASD | |
| frum- | adj | first | ASD | |
| fyrstr | adj | first | ASD | |
| prestr | n | priest | ASD | |
| prīm(i), prima | n | prime, first hour | ASD | |
| prýði | n.fem | pride; ornament | ASD | |
| Danish: | fiern | adv | far | ASD |
| foran | prep | in front of | TLL | |
| fordi | conj | because | TLL | |
| fra | prep | from | ASD | |
| frokost | n | brunch | LRC | |
| först(e) | adj | first | ASD | |
| før | prep | before | TLL | |
| hustru | n | wife | TLL | |
| Swedish: | därför | conj | because | TLL |
| fjerran | adv | far | ASD | |
| for | prep | for, on behalf of | TLL | |
| forn | adj | old, ancient | ASD | |
| fram | adv | forth, forward | ASD | |
| framför | prep | in front of | TLL | |
| fro | adv.obs | early, in the morning | SAO | |
| frukost | n | breakfast | TLL | |
| från | prep | from | ASD | |
| för | prep | for, on behalf of | TLL | |
| före | prep | before | TLL | |
| först(e) | adj | first | ASD | |
| hustru | n | wife | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fairneis | adj | old, ancient | ASD |
| faírra | adj/prep | far, distant; far from | LRC | |
| faúr(a) | prep | for, before, by | LRC | |
| fram | prep/adv | from, by, on account of | RPN | |
| framis | adv | further, onward | RPN | |
| fráuja | n.wk.masc | lord, master | LRC | |
| frisahts | n.str.fem | image | LRC | |
| fruma | adj | first, prior, former | RPN | |
| frumabaúr | adj | first-born | LRC | |
| frumists | adj/n | first, foremost; chief | RPN | |
| frums | n | beginning | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | pernaiaf | adv | from in front | RPN |
| perne | adv/prep | before | RPN | |
| Old Latin: | pri | prep | before | W7 |
| Latin: | adprobare | vb | to approve, confirm, be good | CDC |
| approbo, approbare | vb | to approve | W7 | |
| arpennis | n | half acre | AHD | |
| improbitās, improbitātis | n.fem | depravity, wickedness, dishonesty | W7 | |
| improbus | adj | wicked, dishonest | W7 | |
| para- | pfx | beside | W7 | |
| per | adv/prep | by, through, along, over | RPN | |
| peri- | pfx | around | W7 | |
| porro | adv | far, forward | ASD | |
| prae | adv/prep | before, in front of | RPN | |
| praeter | adv/prep | past, before, beyond | TLL | |
| primarius | adj | principal, of first rank | W7 | |
| primas | n.fem | leader | W7 | |
| primipara | n.fem | primipara | W7 | |
| primitivus | adj | original, primitive | W7 | |
| primitus | adv | originally | W7 | |
| primo | adj.abl | at first | W7 | |
| primoris, primoris, primore | adj | chieftain, leader | LRC | |
| prīmus, prīma, prīmum | adj.sup | first, foremost | LRC | |
| princeps, principis | n.masc | prince, chief, first in rank | LRC | |
| principalis | adj | of the prince | W7 | |
| principium | n.neut | beginning | W7 | |
| prior | adj.comp | former, superior | W7 | |
| priscus | adj | ancient | W7 | |
| pristinus | adj | former, primitive, precedent | W7 | |
| priusquam | adv | before | LRC | |
| privatus, privata, privatum | adj/vb.ptc | private, individual | LRC | |
| privo, privāre | vb | to deprive, release | W7 | |
| privus | adj/vb.ptc | private | W7 | |
| prō | adv/prep | for, ahead, before, in front of | RPN | |
| probabilis | adj | probable | W7 | |
| probitās, probitātis | n.fem | probity | W7 | |
| probo, probāre | vb | to prove, examine | W7 | |
| probus | adj/vb.ptc | good, honest, proven | W7 | |
| procer, proceris | n.masc | nobleman | LRC | |
| pronus | adj | bent forward, tending | W7 | |
| prope | adj/adv/prep | near | LRC | |
| propīnquitās, propīnquitātis | n.fem | kinship, proximity | W7 | |
| propinquus | adj | near, akin | W7 | |
| proprietās, proprietātis | n.fem | property | W7 | |
| proprius | adj | own | W7 | |
| prora | n.fem | prow, front part of ship | W7 | |
| pros- | pfx | near, towards, (face to face) with | W7 | |
| proximatus | vb.ptc | approached, came near | W7 | |
| proximo, proximare | vb | to approach, come near | W7 | |
| proximus, proxima, proximum | adj | near, next to | LRC | |
| reciprocus | adj | alternating, returning the same way | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | repropio, repropiāre | vb | to reproach | W7 |
| Late Latin: | appropriatus | vb.ptc | appropriated, made one's own | W7 |
| approprio, appropiāre | vb.trans | to appropriate | CDC/W7 | |
| approximatus | vb.ptc | approximated, came closer | W7 | |
| approximo, approximāre | vb | to approximate, come near | W7 | |
| presbyter | n.masc | presbyter, priest | W7 | |
| primarius | adj | basic, primary | W7 | |
| prior | n.masc | administrator | W7 | |
| proba | n.fem | proof | W7 | |
| prode | n.neut | advantage | W7 | |
| prot- | pfx | before | W7 | |
| reprobo, reprobāre | vb | to disapprove, condemn | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | appropiare | vb | to approach, come near | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | deprivō, deprivāre | vb | to deprive | W7 |
| expropriatus | vb.ptc | expropriated | W7 | |
| exproprio, expropriare | vb | to expropriate | W7 | |
| primas, primatis | n.fem | archbishop | W7 | |
| privitas, privitatis | n.fem | privity | W7 | |
| proba | n.fem | examination | W7 | |
| New Latin: | prot- | pfx | primitive | W7 |
| Portuguese: | approvar | vb | to approve | CDC |
| por | prep | through, by, for | TLL | |
| porêm | conj | but | TLL | |
| porque | conj | because | TLL | |
| prova | n | proof | TLL | |
| provar | vb | to prove | TLL | |
| Spanish: | aprobar | vb | to approve | CDC |
| para | prep | for, as means of | TLL | |
| pero | conj | but | TLL | |
| por | prep | through, by, for | TLL | |
| porque | conj | because | TLL | |
| primavera | n | spring, springtime; primavera | OED | |
| probar | vb | to prove | TLL | |
| prueba | n | proof | TLL | |
| Old French: | ap(p)rover, approuvir | vb | to approve | CDC/W7 |
| aprochier | vb | to approach | W7 | |
| arpent | n | arpent | AHD | |
| chacier | vb | to chase, pursue | W7 | |
| por- | pfx | for, forth | W7 | |
| pre- | pfx | before | W7 | |
| preuve | n.fem | proof | W7 | |
| primat | n.masc | archbishop, leader | W7 | |
| prince | n.masc | prince | W7 | |
| principal | adj | of the prince, primordial | W7 | |
| privé | adj | private | W7 | |
| privite | n.fem | privacy, familiarity | W7 | |
| pro- | pfx | for, before | W7 | |
| proesse | n.fem | prowess | W7 | |
| propre | adj | own | W7 | |
| prou | adj/n.masc | good, capable, valiant; advantage | W7 | |
| prover | vb | to prove | W7 | |
| pur- | pfx | for, forward | W7 | |
| purchacier | vb | to seek to obtain | W7 | |
| reproche | n.masc | blame | W7 | |
| reprochier | vb | to reproach | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | emprouer | vb | to invest profitably | W7 |
| Middle French: | approcher | vb | to approach | W7 |
| fournir | vb | to complete, equip | W7 | |
| fourniss- | stem | to complete, equip | W7 | |
| fourniture | n.fem | furniture, equipment | W7 | |
| improbité | n.fem | dishonesty | W7 | |
| para- | pfx | beside | W7 | |
| pre- | pfx | before | W7 | |
| premier | adj | first, chief | W7 | |
| prime | n.fem | money given as a bonus | W7 | |
| prin | prep | first | W7 | |
| principe | n.masc | principle | W7 | |
| probable | adj | probable | W7 | |
| probité | n.fem | probity, honesty | W7 | |
| propreté | n.fem | property | W7 | |
| prou | adv | a lot | W7 | |
| proue | n.fem | prow, front part of ship | W7 | |
| rapprocher | vb | to set closer | W7 | |
| reproche | n.masc | blame | W7 | |
| reprover | vb | to reprove | W7 | |
| French: | approcher | vb | to approach | CDC |
| approuver | vb | to approve | CDC | |
| arpent | n | arpent | AHD | |
| fournir | vb | to supply | W7 | |
| par | prep | through, by means of | TLL | |
| parmi | prep | among | TLL | |
| pour | prep | for, as means of | TLL | |
| premier | adj | first | W7 | |
| preuve | n | proof | TLL | |
| protéine | n.fem | protein | W7 | |
| prouver | vb | to prove | TLL | |
| rapprochement | n.masc | state/action of being/getting closer | W7 | |
| rapprocher | vb | to bring closer | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | aprobar | vb | to approve | CDC |
| apropchar | vb | to approach | CDC | |
| Old Italian: | barda | n | bard | AHD |
| prua | n.fem | prow, bow of ship | W7 | |
| Italian: | approcciare | vb | to approach | CDC |
| approvare | vb | to approve | CDC | |
| per | prep | through, as means of | TLL | |
| perchè | conj | because | TLL | |
| prima | adv | before | TLL | |
| primo | adj | first | W7 | |
| prosciutto | n | prosciutto | AHD | |
| provare | vb | to prove | TLL | |
| pruova | n | proof | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | per̃ | prep | through | LRC |
| pìrmas, pirmà | nbr.ord | first | LRC | |
| priẽ | prep | at, near, by | RPN | |
| priẽš | adv/prep | against | RPN | |
| prõ | adv/prep | through, past, by | RPN | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pri | prep | near; at the time of | LRC |
| prьvъ | adj | first, primary | LRC | |
| prьvěnьcь | adj | first-born | LRC | |
| prьvěnьcь | n.masc | firstborn child | LRC | |
| prědъ | prep | before, in front of | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | para | adv | before | LRC |
| parë | adj | first | LRC | |
| për | prep | for, about | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πρέσβα | n.fem | age | LRC |
| πρέσβυς | adj | aged, honored, venerable | LRC | |
| πρεσβύτερος | adj.comp/n | older, elder; priest | LRC | |
| Greek: | ἔμπροσθεν | prep | before, in front of | LRC |
| ὅσπερ | pron.rel | it | LRC | |
| παρά | adv/prep | beside; from, of | LRC | |
| παραί | adv/prep | beside | RPN | |
| πάρος | adv/conj/prep | before, until | RPN | |
| πέρ | adv | although | LRC | |
| περ | pcl | indeed | LRC | |
| πέρᾱν, πέρην | adv/prep | beyond, on the other side | RPN | |
| περάω | vb | to pass across/through | LRC | |
| περί | prep | around, about | LRC | |
| perissos | adj | more than normal | W7 | |
| περπερεύομαι | vb | to boast | LRC | |
| πράξις | n.fem | action in real life | LRC | |
| πράσσω, πράττω | vb | to achieve, manage | LRC | |
| πρέσβυς | n.masc | old man | LRC | |
| πρό | adv/prep | for, ahead, before | LRC | |
| πρόκα | adv | forthwith | RPN | |
| πρόμος | adj | chief, first, foremost | RPN | |
| πρός | adv/prep | near, towards, (face to face) with | LRC | |
| πρότερον | adv | earlier, before | LRC | |
| πρότερος | adj | first, before, forward | LRC | |
| προτί | adv/prep | near, towards, (face to face) with | RPN | |
| πρωί | adv | early | LRC | |
| prōira | n.fem | prow, front part of ship | W7 | |
| πρώτιστα | adv | first of all | LRC | |
| prōtistos | adj.sup | first, primal | W7 | |
| πρῶτον | adv | first | LRC | |
| prōton | n.neut | proton | W7 | |
| πρῶτος | adj | first, foremost | LRC | |
| prōtos | adj | first | W7 | |
| ὥσπερ | adv/conj | as | LRC | |
| Late Greek: | prōteios | adj | primary | W7 |
| Medieval Greek: | perissodaktylos | adj | having more than normal number of fingers/toes | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | pa-ri-ya-an | adv/prep | beyond; exceedingly, especially | RPN |
| pár-ra-an | adv/prep | before, in front of | RPN | |
| Lycian: | pri | adv/prep | forth; in front of | RPN |
| przze, i- | adv/prep | front, foremost | RPN | |
| Hittite: | pa-ra-a | adv | forth | RPN |
| pí-ra-an | adv | forth, before | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | aṙaǰi | adv | before, earlier | LRC |
| aṙaǰi | prep | before, in front of | LRC | |
| aṙaǰin | adj | first | LRC | |
| aṙ | prep | to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | pariy | adv/prep | around, about | RPN |
| Persian: | pardah | n | packsaddle | AHD |
| Avestan: | pairi | adv/prep | around | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | páraḥ | adj | far, distant | RPN |
| pári | adv/prep | around | RPN | |
| puráḥ | adv/prep | forward, before, in front of | RPN | |
| purati | vb | to precede, go before | RPN | |
| purā | adv | formerly | W7 | |
| purāṇa | adj | ancient | W7 | |
| prá | adv/prep | before, in front of | RPN | |
| pratarám | adj.comp | further | RPN | |
| prati- | pfx | near, towards, against, in return | W7 | |
| práti | adv/prep | towards, near to, against | RPN | |
| prathamá-ḥ | adj | first, foremost | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| abl | = | ablative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| rel | = | relative |
| stem | = | stem |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| tit | = | title |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KLW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
