Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: perd- 'to fart, break wind (loudly)'
Semantic Field(s): to Fart, Break Wind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | *feortan | vb | to fart | AHD |
| Middle English: | farten, ferten | vb | to fart | CDC |
| partrich | n | partridge | W7 | |
| English: | fart | vb | to break wind | AHD |
| partridge | n | gallinaceous Old World game bird | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | patrijs | n | partridge | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | fertan | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Low German: | furten | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Old High German: | ferzan | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Middle High German: | varzen, verzen, vurzen | vb | to fart | CDC |
| German: | farzen, furzen | vb | to fart | CDC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | *ferta, freta | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Danish: | fjerte | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Swedish: | fjerta | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pēdo, pēdere | vb | to fart | CDC |
| perdix, perdīcis | n.masc/fem | partridge | W7 | |
| Old French: | perdris | n.fem | partridge | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | persti | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Latvian: | pirst | vb | to fart | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πέρδειν | vb | to fart | CDC |
| πέρδιξ | n.masc/fem | partridge | CLD | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pardate | vb | to fart | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
