Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. perk̑-, pr̥k̑- 'to open, dig out, rip up; furrow'
Semantic Field(s): to Open, to Dig, Delve, Furrow (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | furh | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| furlang, furlung | n.neut | furlong | ASD | |
| Middle English: | forow, for(o)we, furwe | n | furrow | CDC/W7 |
| furgh, forgh, furch | n | furrow | CDC/W7 | |
| furlong, forlong | n | furlong | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | Bamfurlong | prop.n | farm name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| furlong | n | unit of distance, lit. forrow-long | AHD/W7 | |
| furrow | n | trench in earth made by plow | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | furch | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| Frisian: | furch, furge | n | furrow | ASD |
| Old Dutch: | vore | n | furrow | CDC |
| Dutch: | vōr(e) | n.fem | furrow | ASD/CDC |
| Middle Low German: | vore | n | furrow | CDC |
| Low German: | fore, fare | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| Old High German: | fur(u)h | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| Middle High German: | vurch | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| German: | Furche | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | for | n | drain | CDC |
| furask | adj | (to be) furrowed | ASD | |
| Danish: | fure | n.masc/fem | furrow | ASD |
| Swedish: | fåra | n.fem | furrow | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | porca | n.fem | balk, ridge between furrows | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
