Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. pet-, pet-, petə- 'to stretch out (esp. arms)'
Semantic Field(s): to Stretch
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | fæðm | n.masc/fem | fathom | RPN |
Middle English: | apassed | prep/vb.ptc | past | MEV |
compassen | vb | to compass | W7 | |
expaunden | vb | to expand | W7 | |
fad(o)me, fathome | n | fathom | CDC | |
panne | n | pan | W7 | |
pas | n | pace | W7 | |
passen | vb | to pass | W7 | |
past | adj/vb.ptc | passed | W7 | |
paten | n | paten | W7 | |
patent | n | patent | W7 | |
spawnen | vb | to spawn | W7 | |
English: | compass | n | range, scope, boundary, circumference | W7 |
compass | vb.trans | to plot, contrive | AHD/W7 | |
expand | vb | to enlarge, increase in scope/number/extent | AHD/W7 | |
fathom | n | unit of length: span of outstretched arms | AHD/W7 | |
pace | n | rate of movement (on foot) | AHD/W7 | |
paella | n | saffron-flavored Spanish dish | AHD | |
pan | n | broad, shallow, open container (for domestic use) | AHD/W7 | |
pas | n | right of precedence | AHD/W7 | |
paseo | n | slow easy outdoor walk/stroll | AHD | |
pasqueflower | n | low perennial herb of crowfoot family | AHD/W7 | |
pass | n | road, channel, opening | W7 | |
pass | n | act/instance of passing | W7 | |
pass | vb | to move, proceed | AHD/W7 | |
passacaglia | n | old Italian/Spanish dance tune | AHD/W7 | |
passage | n | act/process of passing | AHD | |
passage | vb | to cross, go past/across | AHD/W7 | |
passe | adj | past (one's prime) | AHD/W7 | |
passim | adv | here and there | AHD/W7 | |
past | adj/prep/n | ago, elapsed; after, beyond; time gone by | W7 | |
paten | n | (precious metal) plate for eucharistic bread | AHD/W7 | |
patent | adj | open to public inspection | AHD/W7 | |
patina | n | green film (oxidation) on copper/bronze | AHD/W7 | |
patulous | adj | spreading widely from center | AHD/W7 | |
petal | n | modified leaf of flower corolla | AHD/W7 | |
petasos | n | ancient Greek/Roman low-crowned broad-brimmed hat | AHD/W7 | |
repand | adj | having slightly undulating margin | AHD/W7 | |
spawn | vb | to produce/deposit (eggs) | AHD/W7 | |
British English: | pandy | vb | to strike palm of hand with cane/strap | AHD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Dutch: | vadem | n | thread | ASD |
Dutch: | kompas | n | compass | TLL |
vadem, vaam | n.fem | fathom | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | faðmōs | n.masc.pl | hands and arms | ASD |
Low German: | fadem, faem | n | thread; cubit | ASD |
Old High German: | fadam | n.masc | thread | ASD |
fadum | n.neut | cubit, fathom | RPN | |
phanna | n | pan | W7 | |
Middle High German: | vadem, vaden | n.masc | thread | ASD |
German: | Fadem, Faden | n.masc | thread; fathom | ASD |
Kompass | n | compass | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | faðmr | n.masc | fathom | W7 |
fattr | adj | bent backward | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | faðmr | n.masc | fathom, outstretched arms | RPN |
Danish: | favn | n.masc/fem | fathom | ASD |
kompas | n | compass | TLL | |
pande | n | forehead | TLL | |
Swedish: | famn | n.masc | fathom | ASD |
kompass | n | compass | TLL | |
panna | n | forehead | TLL | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | expando, expandere | vb | to spread out | W7 |
pando, pandere | vb | to spread | W7 | |
pandus | adj | bent | W7 | |
passim | adv | here and there | W7 | |
passus | n.masc | step | W7 | |
passus | vb.ptc | suffered, experienced | W7 | |
patēns, patentis | adj/vb.ptc | being open | W7 | |
pateō, patēre, patuī, patitum | vb | to lie open, be exposed | LRC | |
patina | n.fem | shallow dish; female fish monger | W7 | |
patulus | adj | (standing) open | W7 | |
petasus | n.masc | hat of Mercury (with large side-flaps) | W7 | |
repandus | adj | bent backward | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | compasso, compassāre | vb | to pace off | W7 |
passo, passāre | vb | to walk | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | patina | n.fem | paten | W7 |
New Latin: | patina | n.fem | dish; female fish-monger | W7 |
petalum | n.neut | petal | W7 | |
Spanish: | pasacalle | n.masc | musical march | W7 |
Old French: | compasser | vb | to measure | W7 |
espandre | vb | to expand, spread out | W7 | |
pas | n.masc | step | W7 | |
passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
patene | n.fem | paten | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | espaundre | vb | to expand, spread out | W7 |
passer | vb | to proceed | W7 | |
Middle French: | passefleur | n.fem | pasqueflower | W7 |
passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
patent | adj | collateral, related to something | W7 | |
French: | pas | n.masc | step | W7 |
passage | n.masc | passage, crossing | LRC | |
passe | n.fem | pass: channel | LRC | |
passe | n.masc | master key | LRC | |
passé | adj | passe, faded, overripe | W7 | |
passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Ionic: | πέτηλος | adj | broad, flat | LRC |
Greek: | patanē | n.fem | pot, plate | W7 |
πέτᾶλον | n.neut | leaf | LRC | |
πέτᾶλος | adj | broad, flat | RPN | |
πετάννῡμι | vb | to spread out (sails/clothes) | RPN | |
πέτᾶσος | n.masc | broad-brimmed felt hat (of Hermes, with large side-flaps) | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | paθana- | n | wide, broad | RPN |
Ossetic: | fätän | n | wide | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |