Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. pet-, pet-, petə- 'to stretch out (esp. arms)'
Semantic Field(s): to Stretch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fæðm | n.masc/fem | fathom | RPN |
| Middle English: | apassed | prep/vb.ptc | past | MEV |
| compassen | vb | to compass | W7 | |
| expaunden | vb | to expand | W7 | |
| fad(o)me, fathome | n | fathom | CDC | |
| panne | n | pan | W7 | |
| pas | n | pace | W7 | |
| passen | vb | to pass | W7 | |
| past | adj/vb.ptc | passed | W7 | |
| paten | n | paten | W7 | |
| patent | n | patent | W7 | |
| spawnen | vb | to spawn | W7 | |
| English: | compass | n | range, scope, boundary, circumference | W7 |
| compass | vb.trans | to plot, contrive | AHD/W7 | |
| expand | vb | to enlarge, increase in scope/number/extent | AHD/W7 | |
| fathom | n | unit of length: span of outstretched arms | AHD/W7 | |
| pace | n | rate of movement (on foot) | AHD/W7 | |
| paella | n | saffron-flavored Spanish dish | AHD | |
| pan | n | broad, shallow, open container (for domestic use) | AHD/W7 | |
| pas | n | right of precedence | AHD/W7 | |
| paseo | n | slow easy outdoor walk/stroll | AHD | |
| pasqueflower | n | low perennial herb of crowfoot family | AHD/W7 | |
| pass | n | road, channel, opening | W7 | |
| pass | n | act/instance of passing | W7 | |
| pass | vb | to move, proceed | AHD/W7 | |
| passacaglia | n | old Italian/Spanish dance tune | AHD/W7 | |
| passage | n | act/process of passing | AHD | |
| passage | vb | to cross, go past/across | AHD/W7 | |
| passe | adj | past (one's prime) | AHD/W7 | |
| passim | adv | here and there | AHD/W7 | |
| past | adj/prep/n | ago, elapsed; after, beyond; time gone by | W7 | |
| paten | n | (precious metal) plate for eucharistic bread | AHD/W7 | |
| patent | adj | open to public inspection | AHD/W7 | |
| patina | n | green film (oxidation) on copper/bronze | AHD/W7 | |
| patulous | adj | spreading widely from center | AHD/W7 | |
| petal | n | modified leaf of flower corolla | AHD/W7 | |
| petasos | n | ancient Greek/Roman low-crowned broad-brimmed hat | AHD/W7 | |
| repand | adj | having slightly undulating margin | AHD/W7 | |
| spawn | vb | to produce/deposit (eggs) | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | pandy | vb | to strike palm of hand with cane/strap | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Dutch: | vadem | n | thread | ASD |
| Dutch: | kompas | n | compass | TLL |
| vadem, vaam | n.fem | fathom | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | faðmōs | n.masc.pl | hands and arms | ASD |
| Low German: | fadem, faem | n | thread; cubit | ASD |
| Old High German: | fadam | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| fadum | n.neut | cubit, fathom | RPN | |
| phanna | n | pan | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | vadem, vaden | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| German: | Fadem, Faden | n.masc | thread; fathom | ASD |
| Kompass | n | compass | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | faðmr | n.masc | fathom | W7 |
| fattr | adj | bent backward | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | faðmr | n.masc | fathom, outstretched arms | RPN |
| Danish: | favn | n.masc/fem | fathom | ASD |
| kompas | n | compass | TLL | |
| pande | n | forehead | TLL | |
| Swedish: | famn | n.masc | fathom | ASD |
| kompass | n | compass | TLL | |
| panna | n | forehead | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | expando, expandere | vb | to spread out | W7 |
| pando, pandere | vb | to spread | W7 | |
| pandus | adj | bent | W7 | |
| passim | adv | here and there | W7 | |
| passus | n.masc | step | W7 | |
| passus | vb.ptc | suffered, experienced | W7 | |
| patēns, patentis | adj/vb.ptc | being open | W7 | |
| pateō, patēre, patuī, patitum | vb | to lie open, be exposed | LRC | |
| patina | n.fem | shallow dish; female fish monger | W7 | |
| patulus | adj | (standing) open | W7 | |
| petasus | n.masc | hat of Mercury (with large side-flaps) | W7 | |
| repandus | adj | bent backward | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | compasso, compassāre | vb | to pace off | W7 |
| passo, passāre | vb | to walk | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | patina | n.fem | paten | W7 |
| New Latin: | patina | n.fem | dish; female fish-monger | W7 |
| petalum | n.neut | petal | W7 | |
| Spanish: | pasacalle | n.masc | musical march | W7 |
| Old French: | compasser | vb | to measure | W7 |
| espandre | vb | to expand, spread out | W7 | |
| pas | n.masc | step | W7 | |
| passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
| patene | n.fem | paten | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | espaundre | vb | to expand, spread out | W7 |
| passer | vb | to proceed | W7 | |
| Middle French: | passefleur | n.fem | pasqueflower | W7 |
| passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
| patent | adj | collateral, related to something | W7 | |
| French: | pas | n.masc | step | W7 |
| passage | n.masc | passage, crossing | LRC | |
| passe | n.fem | pass: channel | LRC | |
| passe | n.masc | master key | LRC | |
| passé | adj | passe, faded, overripe | W7 | |
| passer | vb | to pass | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Ionic: | πέτηλος | adj | broad, flat | LRC |
| Greek: | patanē | n.fem | pot, plate | W7 |
| πέτᾶλον | n.neut | leaf | LRC | |
| πέτᾶλος | adj | broad, flat | RPN | |
| πετάννῡμι | vb | to spread out (sails/clothes) | RPN | |
| πέτᾶσος | n.masc | broad-brimmed felt hat (of Hermes, with large side-flaps) | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | paθana- | n | wide, broad | RPN |
| Ossetic: | fätän | n | wide | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |