Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pet-, petə- : ptē-, ptō-, Hellenic ptā- 'to fall, tumble down'
Semantic Field(s): to Fall
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | eterin | n | bird | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | feðer | n.fem | wing, feather | RPN |
| feðer-hama, feðer-homa | n.wk.masc | wings, plumage, lit. feather-coat | ASD | |
| īsig-feðera | adj | lit. icy-feathered | LRC | |
| pinn | n | pen, pin; peg | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | ap(p)etit | n | appetite | MEV/W7 |
| fether | n | feather | W7 | |
| impetuous | adj | impetuous | W7 | |
| penne | n | pen | W7 | |
| pennon | n | pennon | W7 | |
| perpetuel | adj | perpetual | W7 | |
| petition | n | petition | W7 | |
| pin | n | pin | W7 | |
| pinacle | n | pinnacle | W7 | |
| propicious | adj | propitious | W7 | |
| repeten | vb | to repeat | W7 | |
| English: | acanthopterygian | n | major division of teleost fishes | AHD/W7 |
| aminopterin | n | folic acid analog | AHD | |
| appetite | n | instinctive desire to eat | AHD/W7 | |
| apteryx | n | kiwi | AHD/W7 | |
| archaeopteryx | n | primitive Upper Jurassic bird with reptilian characteristics | AHD/W7 | |
| asymptote | n | line that is limiting position of tangent to curve | AHD/W7 | |
| coleoptile | n | first leaf of monocotyledon forming protective sheath about plumule | AHD/W7 | |
| compete | vb.intrans | to vie with another (as if) for prize | AHD/W7 | |
| dipteral | adj | dipterous, having (only) 2 wings | AHD/CDC | |
| empennage | n | tail assembly of airplane | AHD/W7 | |
| feather | n | light horny epidermal outgrowth (part of external covering of bird's body) | AHD/W7 | |
| hippopotamus | n | large herbivorous 4-toed aquatic mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| impetigo | n | acute contagious skin disease | AHD/W7 | |
| impetuous | adj | marked by force/violence | AHD/W7 | |
| impetus | n | impulse, driving force | AHD/W7 | |
| mecopteran | n | primitive carnivorous insect | AHD/W7 | |
| orthopteran | n | insect with incomplete metamorphosis (incl. mantis, cricket, grasshopper) | AHD/W7 | |
| panache | n | ornamental tuft (of feathers) esp. on helmet | AHD/W7 | |
| pen | n | implement for writing/drawing with ink etc. | AHD/W7 | |
| penna | n | contour feather (distinguished from plume/down feather) | AHD/W7 | |
| pennate | adj | pinnate | AHD/W7 | |
| pennon | n | long streamer attached to lance as ensign | AHD/W7 | |
| peripeteia | n | sudden/unexpected reversal of situation/circumstances | AHD/W7 | |
| peripteral | adj | surrounded by single row of columns | AHD | |
| perpetual | adj | everlasting, continuing forever | AHD/W7 | |
| petition | n | entreaty, earnest request | AHD/W7 | |
| petulant | adj | rude/insolent in speech/behavior | AHD/W7 | |
| pin | n | piece of wood/metal used to fasten things | AHD/W7 | |
| pinna | n | leaflet/primary division of pinnate leaf/frond | AHD/W7 | |
| pinnacle | n | upright architectural member giving weight to buttress/angle pier | AHD/W7 | |
| pinnate | adj | resembling feather | AHD/W7 | |
| pinnati- | pfx | pinnate(ly) | AHD/W7 | |
| pinnule | n | secondary branch of plumose organ | AHD/W7 | |
| propitious | adj | benevolent, favorably disposed | AHD/W7 | |
| proptosis | n | forward projection/displacement (esp. of eyeball) | AHD/W7 | |
| pteridology | n | study of ferns | AHD | |
| pterygoid | adj | re: inferior part of sphenoid bone in vertebrate skull | AHD/W7 | |
| ptomaine | n | organic bases formed by putrefactive bacteria acting on nitrogenous matter | AHD/W7 | |
| ptosis | n | sagging/prolapse of organ/part | AHD/W7 | |
| repeat | vb | to reiterate, say/state again | AHD/W7 | |
| sauropterygian | n | extinct (Mesozoic) aquatic reptile | AHD | |
| symptom | n | subjective evidence of disease/physical disturbance | AHD/W7 | |
| talipot | n | tall showy fan-leaved palm | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | ve(d)er | n.fem | feather | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | feðera | n.fem | feather | ASD |
| Low German: | fedder | n | feather | ASD |
| Old High German: | federa, fedara | n.fem | wing, feather | ASD/W7 |
| pfinn | n | peg | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | vëder(e) | n.fem | feather | ASD |
| German: | Feder | n.fem | feather | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fjǫðr | n.fem | feather | LRC |
| Icelandic: | fjoðr | n.fem | feather | ASD |
| Danish: | fjeder, fjer | n.masc/fem | feather | ASD/TLL |
| Swedish: | fjäder | n.masc | feather | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | accipiter | n.masc | hawk, falcon, bird of prey | LRC |
| appetitus | n.masc | appetite | W7 | |
| appetitus | vb.ptc | striving after | W7 | |
| appeto, appetere | vb | to strive after | W7 | |
| competo, competere | vb | to agree, come together, be competent | W7 | |
| hippopotamus | n.masc | hippopotamus | W7 | |
| impeto, impetere | vb | to attack | W7 | |
| impetus, impetus | n.masc | attack, charge | LRC | |
| impetus | n.masc | assault | W7 | |
| penna | n.fem | wing, feather | W7 | |
| pennatus | adj | pinnate, having feathers | W7 | |
| perpetuus | adj | eternal | W7 | |
| petītiō, petītiōnis | n.fem | thrust, attack; request, solicitation | W7 | |
| petitus | vb.ptc | requested | W7 | |
| petō, petere, petīvī, petītum | vb | to seek, attack, head for | LRC | |
| petulāns, petulantis | adj | wanton, impudent, ready to attack | W7 | |
| pinna | n.fem | wing, feather | W7 | |
| pinnatus | vb.ptc | feathered | W7 | |
| praepes, praepetis | adj | favorable, of good omen | LRC | |
| propitius | adj | propitious | W7 | |
| repeto, repetere | vb | to ask again | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | competo, competere | vb | to seek together | W7 |
| impetuosus | adj | impetuous, violent | W7 | |
| pinnaculum | n.neut | gable | W7 | |
| proptosis | n.fem | act of falling forward | W7 | |
| symptoma | n.neut | symptom | W7 | |
| New Latin: | apteryx | n.masc | kiwi, wingless bird | W7 |
| archaeopteryx | n.masc | primitive bird | W7 | |
| asymptotus | n.masc | asymptote | W7 | |
| coleoptilum | n.neut | first leaf of monocotyledon | W7 | |
| pinna | n.fem | primary division of pinnate leaf | W7 | |
| pinnati- | pfx | pinnati- | W7 | |
| pinnatus | adj | pinnate, feathered | W7 | |
| pinnula | n.fem | pinnule | W7 | |
| proptosis | n.fem | forward projection (esp. of eyeball) | W7 | |
| pterygoides | adj | wing-shaped | W7 | |
| ptosis | n.fem | sagging/prolapse of organ/part | W7 | |
| Old French: | apetit | n | appetite | AHD |
| Middle French: | apetit | n.masc | appetite | W7 |
| impétueux | adj | impetuous, violent | W7 | |
| pennache | n.masc | panache | W7 | |
| penne | n.masc | pen, feather | W7 | |
| penon | n.masc | feather | W7 | |
| perpetuel | adj | perpetual | W7 | |
| petition | n.fem | request | W7 | |
| pétulant | adj | energetic, happy | W7 | |
| pinacle | n.masc | pinnacle | W7 | |
| repéter | vb | to repeat | W7 | |
| French: | empennage | n.masc | feathering (on an arrow) | W7 |
| Old Italian: | pennacchio | n.masc | small wing | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pero | n | feather | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | asymptōtos | adj | not meeting | W7 |
| hippopotamos | n.masc | hippopotamus | W7 | |
| Μεσοποταμία | n.fem | Mesopotamia | LRC | |
| peripeteia | n.fem | pacing up and down | W7 | |
| peripiptein | vb | to fall around, change suddenly | W7 | |
| πετεινόν | n.neut | bird | LRC | |
| πέτομαι | vb | to fly, dart, rush | RPN | |
| πίπτω | vb | to fall | LRC | |
| potamos | n.masc | river | W7 | |
| propiptein | vb | to fall forward | W7 | |
| πτερόν | n.neut | feather, bird's wing | RPN | |
| pterygoeidēs | adj | wing-shaped | W7 | |
| πτέρυξ | n.fem | wing, bird | LS | |
| πτίλον | n.neut | down, soft feathers | LS | |
| πτῶμα | n.neut | fall, calamity; corpse, fallen body | LRC | |
| πτῶσις | n.fem | fall, act of falling | LRC | |
| πτωχός | adj | poor | LRC | |
| sympiptein | vb | to meet, happen | W7 | |
| symptōma | n.neut | symptom, attribute, happening | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | pát-tar | n | wing, feather | RPN |
| pít-ti-(ya-)an-zi | vb.3.pl | they fly, flee, hasten | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | pataiti | vb | to fly | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pátati | vb | to fly, descend, fall fast | RPN |
| patáyati | vb.caus | to fly, speed | RPN | |
| pátram | n | wing, feather | RPN | |
| pátvan- | n | flight, flying | RPN | |
| pātyate | vb.pass | to let fly, cause to fall | RPN | |
| Bengali: | tālipōt | n | palm leaf | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| caus | = | causative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pass | = | passive (voice) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
