Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pēu- : pəu- : pū̆- 'to hit; sharp'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, Sharp
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | pytt | n.masc | pit, grave | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | impudent | adj | impudent | W7 |
| paven | vb | to pave | W7 | |
| pit | n | pit | W7 | |
| English: | amputate | vb.trans | to prune, cut/lop off | AHD/W7 |
| anapest | n | metrical foot: two short/unstressed syllables followed by long/stressed syllable | AHD/W7 | |
| impudent | adj | lacking modesty | AHD/W7 | |
| pave | vb.trans | to lay/cover with stone/concrete/other material making firm level path/roadway | AHD/W7 | |
| pavid | adj | timid | AHD/W7 | |
| pit | n | hole/shaft/cavity in ground | AHD/W7 | |
| pudency | n | modesty, prudishness | AHD/W7 | |
| pudendum | n | external genital organ of human (esp. woman) | AHD/W7 | |
| putamen | n | hard shell-like covering | AHD | |
| repudiate | vb.trans | to divorce/separate formally from | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | arfūrian | vb | to castrate | W7 |
| pfuzzi, pfuzza | n | pit, well, cistern | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Pfütze | n.fem | pit, pool, puddle | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | pyttr | n | pit | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | amputatus | vb.ptc | amputated | W7 |
| amputo, amputāre | vb | to amputate | W7 | |
| anapaestus | adj | of anapests | W7 | |
| dēputo, dēputare | vb | to prune, cut off | W7 | |
| impudens | adj | unashamed | W7 | |
| paveo, pavēre | vb.intrans | to panic, quake (with fear) | W7 | |
| pavidus, pavida, pavidum | adj | fearful, quaking, trembling | W7 | |
| pavio, pavire | vb | to beat, strike, pave | W7 | |
| pavor, pavōris | n.masc | fear, dread, quaking | LRC | |
| pudendum | n.neut | part to be ashamed of | W7 | |
| pudendus | ger | to be ashamed of | W7 | |
| pudens, pudentis | adj/vb.ptc | ashamed, disgraced | W7 | |
| pudentia | n.fem | pudency | W7 | |
| pudeo, pudēre | vb | to be ashamed, cause/fill with shame | W7 | |
| pudor, pudōris | n.masc | shame, modesty; honor, decency | LRC | |
| putatus | vb.ptc | pruned | W7 | |
| puto, putare | vb | to prune, cut off | W7 | |
| repudiatus | vb.ptc | divorced, sent back | W7 | |
| repudio, repudiāre | vb | to divorce, send back | W7 | |
| repudium | n.neut | divorce | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | dēputo, dēputare | vb | to assign | W7 |
| New Latin: | pudendum | n.neut | part to be hidden, sex organ | W7 |
| Middle French: | paver | vb | to pave | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | anapaiein | vb | to strike back | W7 |
| anapaistos | adj | struck back | W7 | |
| paiein | vb | to strike | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |