Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peuk̑-, and peug̑- 'to pink, stab, stick'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Press, Knife (tool)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | bung | n | bung | W7 |
impugnen | vb | to impugn | W7 | |
oppugnen | vb | to attack, repudiate | W7 | |
pigmei | n | pygmy | W7 | |
pinken | vb | to pink | W7 | |
poinaunt | adj | poignant | W7 | |
point | n | point | W7 | |
ponson | n | puncheon | W7 | |
repugnen | vb | to repugn | W7 | |
English: | acupuncture | n | puncturing body to relieve pain/cure disease | AHD/W7 |
bontebok | n | coastal S African antelope | AHD | |
bung | n | stopper in hole in cask | AHD/W7 | |
compunction | n | remorse, anxiety arising from guilt | AHD/W7 | |
expunge | vb.trans | to obliterate, strike out, mark for deletion | AHD/W7 | |
impugn | vb.trans | to assail | AHD/W7 | |
oppugn | vb.trans | to attack, fight against | AHD/W7 | |
pink | vb.trans | to stab, pierce | AHD/W7 | |
poignant | adj | pungent | AHD/W7 | |
point | n | item, individual detail | AHD/W7 | |
point-device | adj | precise, meticulous, scrupulously neat/correct | AHD | |
pointillism | n | applying (to surface) color dots that blend together | AHD/W7 | |
poniard | n | dagger with slender square/triangular blade | AHD/W7 | |
pontil | n | punty: iron rod used in glass-making | AHD/CDC | |
pugilism | n | boxing | AHD/W7 | |
pugnacious | adj | combative, truculent, belligerent by nature | AHD/W7 | |
puncheon | n | pointed tool for piercing/working on stone | AHD/W7 | |
punctilio | n | nice conduct detail in ceremony/observance | AHD/W7 | |
punctual | adj | having point-like nature | AHD/W7 | |
punctuate | vb | to mark/divide (text) with punctuation marks | AHD/W7 | |
puncture | n | act/result of puncturing | AHD/W7 | |
pungent | adj | having stiff/sharp point | AHD/W7 | |
pygmaean | adj | dwarfish, re: pygmy | AHD/W7 | |
Pygmy | prop.n | member of race of dwarfs (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
pygmy | n | dwarf | W7 | |
repugn | vb | to offer objection/resistance/opposition | AHD/W7 | |
spontoon | n | short infantry pike | AHD/W7 | |
trapunto | n | whole cloth quilting to produce raised surface | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | bonghe | n | bung | W7 |
bonne | n | bung | W7 | |
Afrikaans: | bontebok | n | bontebok | AHD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | expungo, expungere | vb | to cancel, mark for deletion (by dots) | W7 |
inpugno, inpugnāre | vb | to impugn, assault | W7 | |
oppūgnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātum | vb | to attack, overthrow | LRC | |
pugil | n.masc | boxer | W7 | |
pugnax, pugnacis | adj | pugnacious | W7 | |
pugno, pugnare | vb | to fight | W7 | |
pugnus | n.masc | fist | W7 | |
puncta | n.fem | strike | W7 | |
punctum | n.neut | point, vote | W7 | |
punctura | n.fem | puncture, small hole | W7 | |
punctus | vb.ptc | pierced, having a hole | W7 | |
pungens, pungentis | adj/vb.ptc | stinging | W7 | |
pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum | vb | to sting, stab, puncture | W7 | |
pygmaeus | adj | pygmaean | W7 | |
repugno, repugnare | vb | to fight against | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | punctio, punctiāre | vb | to prick | W7 |
punctio, punctionis | n.fem | act of making a hole | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | punctualis | adj | punctual | W7 |
punctuatus | vb.ptc | pointed, punctuated | W7 | |
punctuo, punctuare | vb | to point, provide punctuation marks | W7 | |
Spanish: | puntilloso | adj | preoccupied by unimportant things | Sal/W7 |
punto | n.masc | point | W7 | |
Old French: | point | n.masc | prick, puncture, point in time/space | W7 |
pointe | n.fem | sharp end | W7 | |
Middle French: | impugner | vb | to assault | W7 |
poignant | vb.pres.ptc | poignant, gripping | W7 | |
poignard | n.masc | short knife | W7 | |
poinçon | n.masc | pointed tool | W7 | |
poindre | vb | to prick, sting | W7 | |
poing | n.masc | fist | W7 | |
répugner | vb | to disgust | W7 | |
French: | point | n.masc | spot, dot | W7 |
pointiller | vb | to stipple | W7 | |
pointilleux | adj | who likes pointillism, who is overly meticulous | W7 | |
pointillisme | n.masc | pointillism | W7 | |
Italian: | punta | n.fem | sharp point | W7 |
puntiglio | n.masc | scruple, point of honor | W7 | |
spuntone | n.masc | pointed tool; crag | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πυγμή | n.fem | fist, boxing (match) | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pres | = | present (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |