Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peuk̑-, and peug̑- 'to pink, stab, stick'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Press, Knife (tool)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | bung | n | bung | W7 |
| impugnen | vb | to impugn | W7 | |
| oppugnen | vb | to attack, repudiate | W7 | |
| pigmei | n | pygmy | W7 | |
| pinken | vb | to pink | W7 | |
| poinaunt | adj | poignant | W7 | |
| point | n | point | W7 | |
| ponson | n | puncheon | W7 | |
| repugnen | vb | to repugn | W7 | |
| English: | acupuncture | n | puncturing body to relieve pain/cure disease | AHD/W7 |
| bontebok | n | coastal S African antelope | AHD | |
| bung | n | stopper in hole in cask | AHD/W7 | |
| compunction | n | remorse, anxiety arising from guilt | AHD/W7 | |
| expunge | vb.trans | to obliterate, strike out, mark for deletion | AHD/W7 | |
| impugn | vb.trans | to assail | AHD/W7 | |
| oppugn | vb.trans | to attack, fight against | AHD/W7 | |
| pink | vb.trans | to stab, pierce | AHD/W7 | |
| poignant | adj | pungent | AHD/W7 | |
| point | n | item, individual detail | AHD/W7 | |
| point-device | adj | precise, meticulous, scrupulously neat/correct | AHD | |
| pointillism | n | applying (to surface) color dots that blend together | AHD/W7 | |
| poniard | n | dagger with slender square/triangular blade | AHD/W7 | |
| pontil | n | punty: iron rod used in glass-making | AHD/CDC | |
| pugilism | n | boxing | AHD/W7 | |
| pugnacious | adj | combative, truculent, belligerent by nature | AHD/W7 | |
| puncheon | n | pointed tool for piercing/working on stone | AHD/W7 | |
| punctilio | n | nice conduct detail in ceremony/observance | AHD/W7 | |
| punctual | adj | having point-like nature | AHD/W7 | |
| punctuate | vb | to mark/divide (text) with punctuation marks | AHD/W7 | |
| puncture | n | act/result of puncturing | AHD/W7 | |
| pungent | adj | having stiff/sharp point | AHD/W7 | |
| pygmaean | adj | dwarfish, re: pygmy | AHD/W7 | |
| Pygmy | prop.n | member of race of dwarfs (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
| pygmy | n | dwarf | W7 | |
| repugn | vb | to offer objection/resistance/opposition | AHD/W7 | |
| spontoon | n | short infantry pike | AHD/W7 | |
| trapunto | n | whole cloth quilting to produce raised surface | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | bonghe | n | bung | W7 |
| bonne | n | bung | W7 | |
| Afrikaans: | bontebok | n | bontebok | AHD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | expungo, expungere | vb | to cancel, mark for deletion (by dots) | W7 |
| inpugno, inpugnāre | vb | to impugn, assault | W7 | |
| oppūgnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātum | vb | to attack, overthrow | LRC | |
| pugil | n.masc | boxer | W7 | |
| pugnax, pugnacis | adj | pugnacious | W7 | |
| pugno, pugnare | vb | to fight | W7 | |
| pugnus | n.masc | fist | W7 | |
| puncta | n.fem | strike | W7 | |
| punctum | n.neut | point, vote | W7 | |
| punctura | n.fem | puncture, small hole | W7 | |
| punctus | vb.ptc | pierced, having a hole | W7 | |
| pungens, pungentis | adj/vb.ptc | stinging | W7 | |
| pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum | vb | to sting, stab, puncture | W7 | |
| pygmaeus | adj | pygmaean | W7 | |
| repugno, repugnare | vb | to fight against | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | punctio, punctiāre | vb | to prick | W7 |
| punctio, punctionis | n.fem | act of making a hole | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | punctualis | adj | punctual | W7 |
| punctuatus | vb.ptc | pointed, punctuated | W7 | |
| punctuo, punctuare | vb | to point, provide punctuation marks | W7 | |
| Spanish: | puntilloso | adj | preoccupied by unimportant things | Sal/W7 |
| punto | n.masc | point | W7 | |
| Old French: | point | n.masc | prick, puncture, point in time/space | W7 |
| pointe | n.fem | sharp end | W7 | |
| Middle French: | impugner | vb | to assault | W7 |
| poignant | vb.pres.ptc | poignant, gripping | W7 | |
| poignard | n.masc | short knife | W7 | |
| poinçon | n.masc | pointed tool | W7 | |
| poindre | vb | to prick, sting | W7 | |
| poing | n.masc | fist | W7 | |
| répugner | vb | to disgust | W7 | |
| French: | point | n.masc | spot, dot | W7 |
| pointiller | vb | to stipple | W7 | |
| pointilleux | adj | who likes pointillism, who is overly meticulous | W7 | |
| pointillisme | n.masc | pointillism | W7 | |
| Italian: | punta | n.fem | sharp point | W7 |
| puntiglio | n.masc | scruple, point of honor | W7 | |
| spuntone | n.masc | pointed tool; crag | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πυγμή | n.fem | fist, boxing (match) | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |