Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. plā-k- : plə-k-, ple-k- : plō̆-k-, plei-k-, and pelə-g- : plā-g- : plə-g- 'flat, wide, broad; spread out'
Semantic Field(s): Flat, Wide, Broad, to Strew, Spread Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | flēan | vb.str | to flay | ASD/W7 |
flōc | n.neut | fluke | W7 | |
flōh | n.fem | (flat) piece of stone | W7 | |
Middle English: | flagge | n | reed, rush | W7 |
flake | n | flake | W7 | |
flaw | n | flaw | W7 | |
fluke | n | fluke | W7 | |
placebo | n | placebo | W7 | |
plai(d) | n | plea | W7 | |
plaiden | vb | to plead, institute lawsuit | W7 | |
plank | n | plank | W7 | |
plesaunt | adj | pleasant | W7 | |
plesen | vb | to please | W7 | |
souple | adj | supple | W7 | |
supplicaten | vb | to supplicate | W7 | |
English: | Archipelago | prop.n | Aegean Sea | AHD/W7 |
archipelago | n | sea/expanse of water with scattered islands | AHD/W7 | |
complacent | adj | satisfied | AHD/W7 | |
flag | n | hard evenly stratified stone | AHD/W7 | |
flake | n | thin piece, small part | AHD/W7 | |
flake | n | tray/platform for drying foodstuffs | AHD/W7 | |
flaw | n | fault, defect, fragment | AHD/W7 | |
floe | n | large floating ice sheet | AHD/W7 | |
fluke | n | sole, flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
implacable | adj | not placable | LRC | |
pelagic | adj | oceanic, re: open sea | AHD/W7 | |
placable | adj | tolerant, easily calmed/pacified | AHD | |
placate | vb.trans | to soothe, appease, mollify | AHD/W7 | |
placebo | n | vespers for dead in Roman Catholic Church | AHD/W7 | |
placenta | n | vascular organ uniting fetus to mammalian uterus | AHD/W7 | |
placid | adj | peaceful, undisturbed | AHD/W7 | |
placoderm | n | (extinct) fish with bony armor plates | AHD | |
placoid | adj | re: elasmobranch scale with enamel-tipped spine | AHD/W7 | |
plagal | adj | having keynote on 4th scale step | AHD/W7 | |
plagiary | n | plagiarist | AHD/W7 | |
planchet | n | coin blank: flat metal disk | AHD | |
plank | n | thick heavy board | AHD/W7 | |
playa | n | flat bottom of undrained desert basin | AHD/W7 | |
plea | n | legal suit/action | AHD/W7 | |
plead, pled | vb | to argue case/cause in law court | AHD/W7 | |
pleasant | adj | agreeable, giving pleasure | AHD/W7 | |
please | vb | to give/afford pleasure/satisfaction | AHD/W7 | |
supple | adj | compliant, obsequious | AHD/W7 | |
supplicate | vb | to make humble entreaty | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | archipel | n | archipelago | CDC |
vlae(ghe)n | vb | to flay | ASD | |
vlag | n | flag | TLL | |
vlakte | n | plain | TLL | |
Old High German: | flah | adj | smooth | W7 |
German: | Archipel | n | archipelago | CDC |
Flagge | n | flag | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | flaga | n | slab | W7 |
flaki | adj | smooth | W7 | |
Icelandic: | flā | vb | to flay | ASD |
flōki | n.masc | (kind of) halibut | ASD | |
Norwegian: | flak | n | disk | W7 |
flo | n | flat layer | W7 | |
Danish: | flag | n | flag | TLL |
Swedish: | flaga | n | flake, flaw | W7 |
flagg | n | flag | TLL | |
flå | vb | to flay | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | complacens, complacentis | adj/vb.ptc | pleasing, trying to please | W7 |
complaceo, complacēre | vb | to please greatly | W7 | |
pelagicus | adj | re: deep sea | W7 | |
pelagus | n | sea | AHD | |
placatus | vb.ptc | pleased, placated | W7 | |
placenta | n.fem | flat cake | W7 | |
placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum | vb | to please, placate | LRC | |
placidus | adj | calm, tranquil, placid | W7 | |
placitus | vb.ptc | placated | W7 | |
placo, placāre | vb | to please, placate | W7 | |
plaga | n.fem | flat surface, tract | W7 | |
plaga | n.fem | net, snare, trap | W7 | |
plagiārius | n.masc | kidnapper; plagiarist | W7 | |
plagium | n.neut | hunting net | W7 | |
planca | adj | one with flat feet | W7 | |
plico, plicāre | vb | to fold | W7 | |
supplex, supplicis | adj | kneeling, suppliant, submissive | W7 | |
supplico, supplicare | vb | to kneel, beseech, supplicate | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | placitum | n.neut | decree, decision | W7 |
Old Portuguese: | arcepelago | n | archipelago | CDC |
Portuguese: | archipelago | n | archipelago | CDC |
Old Spanish: | arcipielago | n | archipelago | CDC |
Spanish: | archipielago | n | archipelago | CDC |
playa | n.fem | beach | W7 | |
Old French: | plaid | n.masc | plea | W7 |
plait | n.masc | plea | W7 | |
souple | adj | supple, submissive | W7 | |
Old North French: | planke | n.fem | plank | W7 |
Middle French: | plaid | n.masc | plea | W7 |
plaidier | vb | to plead | W7 | |
plairir | vb | to please | W7 | |
plaisant | adj | pleasant | W7 | |
plaisir | n.masc | pleasure | W7 | |
French: | archipelague | n | archipelago | CDC |
Old Occitan: | archipel | n | archipelago | CDC |
Italian: | arcipelago | n.masc | archipelago, chief sea | W7 |
pelago | n | sea | AHD | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πέλαγος | n.masc | (open) sea | LRC |
Greek: | pelagikos | adj | re: sea | W7 |
pelagos | n | sea | AHD | |
Πελασγικός | adj | Pelasgian | LRC | |
plagios | adj | oblique, sideways | W7 | |
plagos | n.masc | side | W7 | |
plakous | adj | flat, cake-shaped | W7 | |
plax | n.fem | flat surface | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |